1702910290
[179]Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment:Self-Determination and the Inter-national Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism(New York:Oxford University Press,2007).
1702910291
1702910292
[180]John Dewey,“Nationalizing Education,”in John Dewey:The Middle Works,1899—1924,vol.10(Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press,1980),p.202.关于19世纪后半叶和20世纪初如何看待民族主义的讨论,参见Mark Mazower, Governing the World:The History of an Idea,1815 to the Present(New York:Penguin Books,2012),pp.48—54,60—67;Casper Syl-vest,“James Bryce and the Two Faces of Nationalism,”in British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier, ed.Ian Hall and Lisa Hill(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2009),pp.161—179。
1702910293
1702910294
[181]Dewey,“Nationalizing Education,”p.203;Alfred E.Zimmern, Na-tionality and Government with Other War-Time Essays(New York:Robert M.McBride,1918),pp.61—86.这一章是基于齐默恩在1915年6月发表的一篇演讲。
1702910295
1702910296
[182]Zimmern, Nationality and Government with Other War-Time Essays, p.100.
1702910297
1702910298
[183]Hegel, Hegel:Elements of the Philosophy of Right, p.282.
1702910299
1702910300
[184]自由理想主义对国家的矛盾心理在格林关于政治义务原则的讲座中得到了清晰的体现。英国理论家不能完全接受黑格尔的另一个原因是19世纪末20世纪初越来越激烈的英德对抗,这在第一次世界大战中达到顶峰。参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords, pp.57—72。
1702910301
1702910302
[185]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.2.
1702910303
1702910304
[186]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.388.
1702910305
1702910306
[187]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.29.
1702910307
1702910308
[188]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
1702910309
1702910310
[189]L.T.Hobhouse, Liberalism(London:Butterworth,1911),p.136.
1702910311
1702910312
[190]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
1702910313
1702910314
[191]A.D.Lindsay,“Introduction,”in Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.vi.
1702910315
1702910316
[192]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.70.
1702910317
1702910318
[193]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.69.
1702910319
1702910320
[194]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.65.
1702910321
1702910322
[195]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, pp.72,73,86,91.
1702910323
1702910324
[196]关于默里和齐默恩,参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords。
1702910325
1702910326
[197]Zimmern, Nationality and Government with Other War-Time Essays, p.61.
1702910327
1702910328
[198]Morefield, Covenants without Swords, p.156.
1702910329
1702910330
[199]社群主义者一直是自由主义的假定的主要批评者,用迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)的话来说,其假定是人类天生就是“无负担”的个体。对于社群主义者和自由主义者在这个问题和其他问题上的争论的抽样调查,参见Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, Communitarianism and Individualism(New York:Oxford University Press,2011)。桑德尔的引用出自第18页。
1702910331
1702910332
[200]民族是一个抽象的概念,它不能采取行动,但我用这个词简略指出其成员,特别是其精英,他们有能动性并且有能力采取行动以推进他们的政治目标,如国家性(statehood)。当我使用国家一词时,同样的逻辑也是适用的,在此情况下,拥有能动性的是政治领导人。
1702910333
1702910334
[201]参见Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism(Ithaca, NY:Cornell Uni-versity Press,1983),p.1。我对民族主义的定义类似于很多学者的定义。例如,参见John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State(Chicago:University of Chica-go Press,1985),pp.1—3;Ernst B.Haas,“What Is Nationalism and Why Should We Study It?”International Organization 40,no.3(Summer 1986):726;E.J.Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780:Programme, Myth, Reality(New York:Cambridge University Press,1991),p.9;Anthony D.Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era(Malden, MA:Polity Press,1995),pp.55,150。
1702910335
1702910336
[202]Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism(London:Verso,1990);David A.Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France:Inventing Nationalism,1680—1800(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2001);William H.Sewell Jr.,“The French Revolution and the Emergence of the Nation Form,”in Revolutionary Currents:Nation Building in the Transatlantic World, ed.Michael A.Morrison and Melinda Zook(Lanham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield,2004),pp.91—125.
1702910337
1702910338
[203]在民族出现之前的一些大的群体是相当明确的,并且很容易演变成民族。例如,荷兰人、英国人、法国人、波兰人和俄罗斯人在每一个群体成为一个民族之前就已经形成了一个独特的身份,这使得向民族性的过渡相对简单。用罗纳德·萨尼(Ronald G.Suny)的话说,它们从“文化或民族意识”转向“全面的政治民族主义,即积极致力于实现国家议程”。Ronald G.Suny, The Re-venge of the Past:Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union(Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1993),p.48.然而,还有其他一些情况,最终出现的民族与其前身之间的联系更加脆弱。例如包括阿塞拜疆人、白俄罗斯人、意大利人和立陶宛人,它们在成为民族之前没有特定的身份。其他的地方和社会身份对它们而言是主要的,这必然意味着国家必须竭尽全力将它们塑造成民族。有关民族与其前身之间的联系的主要著作包括John Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1982);Patrick J.Geary, The Myth of Nations:The Medieval Origins of Europe(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2003);Philip S.Gorski,“The Mosaic Moment:An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Na-tionalism,”American Journal of Sociology 105,no.5(March 2000):1428—1468;Anthony W.Marx, Faith in Nation:Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism(New York:Oxford University Press,2003);Miroslav Hroch, European Na-tions:Explaining Their Formation, trans.Karolina Graham(New York:Verso,2015),chap.3;Philip G.Roeder, Where Nation-States Come From:Institution-al Change in the Age of Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2007);Anthony D.Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations(New York:Basil Blackwell,1989)。
1702910339
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70291029e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]