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[242]这种根植于民族主义的民主冲动反映在勒南著名的评论中:“如果你能原谅我的这个比喻,一个国家的存在就是日常的公民投票。”Renan,“What Is a Nation?”p.64.也可参见Schnapper,“Citizenship and National Identity in Europe”;Liah Greenfield, Nationalism:Five Roads to Modernity(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1992);Yack,“Popular Sovereignty and Nation-alism”。格林菲尔德在第10页中写道:“主权在人民内部的定位,以及承认各阶层之间的基本平等,构成了现代民族思想的本质,同时也是民主的基本原则。民主天生就带有民族感。这两者是内在联系的,除此之外,两者都不能被完全理解。民族主义是民主在世界上出现的形式,它包含在民族的观念中,就像茧中的蝴蝶。最初,民族主义发展为民主,在这种原始发展的条件持续存在的情况下,两者之间的身份得以保持。”
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[243]Maximilien Robes pierre,“Report on the Principles of Political Morali-ty,”French Revolution and Napoleon, http://www.indiana.edu/~b356/texts/polit-moral.html.
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[244]Russell Hardin, One for All:The Logic of Group Conflict(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1997);Mark Pagel, Wired for Culture:Origins of the Human Social Mind(New York:Norton,2012).
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[245]Bernard Yack, Nationalism and the Moral Psychology of Community(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012).
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[246]Renan,“What Is a Nation?”p.63.
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[247]民族主义有时被认为是宗教的替代品,在1648年的三十年战争结束后,宗教开始在欧洲失去影响力。在随后的几个世纪里,这一进程加速了。然而,这种观点是错误的。尽管宗教的影响力在这段时间内已经减弱,但它在本质上并没有消失。更重要的是,宗教实际上是民族文化的一个组成部分,在其中它有能力作为统一群体成员的强大力量。Ernest Barker, Christianity and Nationality:Being the Burge Memorial Lecture for the Year 1927(Oxford:Clar-endon Press,1927),p.31.其他显示宗教如何作为民族主义的力量倍增器的作品包括Samuel P.Huntington, Who Are We?The Challenges to American National Identity(New York:Simon&Schuster,2005);Marx, Faith in Nation。
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[248]Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990—1992(Cambridge, A:Blackwell,1992),p.1.
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[249]Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State(London:Verso,1980),p.20.
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[250]Andreas Osiander, Before the State:Systemic Political Change in the West from the Greeks to the French Revolution(New York:Oxford University Press,2007),p.5.
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[251]Sewell,“The French Revolution and the Emergence of the Nation Form,”p.98.
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[252]Jackson, Sovereignty, p.32.
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[253]Joseph R.Strayer and Dana C.Munro, The Middle Ages:395—1500(New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts,1942),pp.113,270.
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[254]关于远距离力量投射的局限,参见Scott, The Art of Not Being Gov-erned, chaps.1—2;David Stasavage,“When Distance Mattered:Geographic Scale and the Development of European Representative Assemblies,”American Political Science Review 104,no.4(November 2010):625—643。
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[255]Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1993),pp.xiv,74.
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[256]Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen(Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1976).
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[257]Walker Connor,“Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?”World Poli-tics 24,no.3(April 1972):319—355.
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[258]从斯科特的《逃避统治的艺术》中可以清楚地看出,类似的逻辑也适用于处于国家之外并试图避免被纳入其中的群体。他写道:“在它们能做到的地方……该地区的所有国家都试图将这些民族纳入其日常管理之下,鼓励并且更罕见地坚持语言、文化和宗教与国家核心的大多数人口保持一致”(第12页)。如今,国家的影响范围如此之大,以至于很少有群体继续生活在国家之外。
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[259]Benjamin A.Valentino, Final Solutions:Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2004),pp.157—166.
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[260]Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments:Colonial and Postco-lonial Histories(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1993);Partha Chat-terjee, The Black Hole of Empire:History of a Global Practice of Power(Prince-ton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2012).
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[261]Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism(Ithaca, NY:Cornell Universi-ty Press,1983),p.34.
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[262]上段中所述的经济逻辑具有重要的军事后果。由于财富是军事力量的两个主要组成部分之一,因此任何增长经济的措施都有助于建设一支更强大的军队。参见John J.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, up-dated ed.(New York:Norton,2014),chap.3。
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[263]Barry R.Posen,“Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power,”International Security 18,no.2(Fall 1993):85.
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[264]在19世纪末和20世纪初,奥匈帝国军队的表现反映了由于拥有一个成员群体不完全融合的多民族国家而产生的消极后果。参见Gunther E.Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph(West Lafayette, IN:Purdue University Press,1998),p.108;Spencer C.Tucker, The European Powers in the First World War:An Encyclopedia(New York:Garland Publishing,1996),p.86。也可参见Posen,“Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power”。
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[265]戴维·贝尔(David Bell)解释了民族主义如何使法国领导人在七年战争(1756—1763年)、法国大革命和拿破仑战争(1792—1815年)期间比在前民族时代的战争中更容易动员民众。Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France, chap.3;David A.Bell, The First Total War:Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Knew It(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,2007),chaps.4,6,7.也可参见Michael Howard, War in European History(New York:Oxford Universi-ty Press,2009),chap.6。
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[266]Geoffrey Best, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe,1770—1870(London:Fontana Paperbacks,1982),p.30.
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