打字猴:1.702910509e+09
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1702910510 [289]大多数自由主义理论家承认个人有重要的社会关系。例如,约翰·罗尔斯写道:“每个人都会发现自己出生在某个特定社会的某个特定位置,而他的位置的性质会对他的人生前景产生重大影响。”John Rawls, A Theory of Jus-tice(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1971),p.13.此外,在The Law of Peoples:With“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,1999)一书中,罗尔斯直接关注的是万民,万民是民族的同义词。《万民法》中的许多分析都聚焦于个人,这无疑是他另两本开创性著作中关注的焦点。A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism, expanded ed.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005).然而,基于个人主义的理论不能同时强调人们是高度社会化的,因为这两种观点是相互矛盾的。事实上,罗尔斯在这一点上受到了批评。例如,参见Andrew Kuper,“Rawlsian Global Justice:Beyond the Law of Peoples to a Cosmopolitan Law of Persons,”Political Theory 28,no.5(October 2000):640—674;Thomas W.Pogge,“The Incoher-ence between Rawls’s Theories of Justice,”Fordham Law Review 72,no.5(April 2004):1739—1759。关于罗尔斯的批评者和拥护者之间的争论的汇总,参见Gillian Brock, Global Justice:A Cosmopolitan Account(New York:Oxford Uni-versity Press,2009),chap.2。
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1702910512 [290]参见Paul W.Kahn, Putting Liberalism in Its Place(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2005)。
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1702910514 [291]Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire:A Study in Nineteenth-Cen-tury British Liberal Thought(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999),pp.117—118.
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1702910516 [292]它写道:“上述声明中所宣称和主张的权利和自由是这个王国的人民的真实、古老和不可动摇的权利和自由。”“English Bill of Rights 1689,”TheAvalon Project at the Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17thcentury/england.asp.
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1702910518 [293]Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America;Rawls, The Law of Peoples.
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1702910520 [294]参见Otto Hintze,“The Formation of States and Constitutional Develop-ment:A Study in History and Politics,”and“Military Organization and the Or-ganization of the State,”in The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed.Felix Gil-bert(New York:Oxford University Press,1975),pp.157—215;Harold D.Las-swell,“The Garrison State,”American Journal of Sociology 46,no.4(January 1941):455—468。
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1702910522 [295]Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego:Harcourt,1973),pp.291—292.
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1702910524 [296]Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, p.300.
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1702910526 [297]Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, pp.269,299.
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1702910528 [298]林恩·亨特(Lynn Hunt)称之为“自证的悖论”,她写道:“如果权利平等是如此不证自明的,那么为什么必须作出这种断言,为什么只有在特定的时间和地点才作出这种断言?如果人权没有得到普世的承认,那么如何使其具有普世性呢?”Hunt, Inventing Human Rights:A History(New York:Norton,2007),pp.19—20.
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1702910530 [299]H.L.A.Hart,“Rawls on Liberty and Its Priority,”in Essays in Juris-prudence and Philosophy(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1983),pp.223—247.
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1702910533 大幻想:自由主义之梦与国际现实 [300]John Rawls, Political Liberalism, expanded ed.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005),p.162.
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1702910535 [301]比较杰里米·沃尔德伦(Jeremy Waldron),《仇恨言论的危害》[The Harm in Hate Speech(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2012)]中的观点与迈克尔·麦康奈尔(Michael W.McConnell)对这本书的书评,“You Can’t Say That:A Legal Philosopher Urges Americans to Punish Hate Speech,”New York Times, June 24,2012;以及约翰·保罗·史蒂文斯(John Paul Ste-vens)对这本书的书评,“Should Hate Speech Be Outlawed?”New York Review of Books, June 7,2012,pp.18—22。
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1702910537 [302]John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism(New York:New Press,2000),p.82.
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1702910539 [303]John Stuart Mill, On Liberty(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1956),p.13.
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1702910541 [304]Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars:A Moral Argument with Histor-ical Illustrations(New York:Basic Books,2007),p.268.
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1702910543 [305]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.105.也可参见Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, trans.Kevin Attell(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2005);Carl J.Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy:Theory and Prac-tice in Europe and America(Boston:Ginn and Company,1946),chap.13;Clin-ton L.Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship:Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1948);Fredrick M.Watkins,“The Problem of Constitutional Dictatorship,”in Public Policy:A Yearbook of the Graduate Schoolof Public Administration, Harvard University, ed.C.J.Friedrich and Edward S.Mason(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1940).
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1702910545 [306]“Inside the Hearts and Minds of Arab Youth,”8th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey,2016,p. 26.
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1702910547 [307]Stephen Kinzer,“Rwanda and the Dangers of Democracy,”Boston Globe, July 22,2017.也可参见Stephen Kinzer, A Thousand Hills:Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It(Hoboken, NJ:Wiley,2008)。
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1702910549 [308]“Stability and Comfort over Democracy:Russians Share Preferences in Poll,”RT News, April 3,2014.
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1702910551 [309]在西方传播自由权利的困难是最近两本关于人权历史的著作的中心主题:Hunt, Inventing Human Rights;Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia:Human Rights in History(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2010)。两位作者都明确指出,不可剥夺权利的概念在18世纪后半叶随着美国的《独立宣言》(1776年)和法国的《人权与公民权宣言》(1789年)而首次受到广泛关注。但在接下来的大约150年里,西方对个人权利的关注并不多。亨特认为它在1948年再次成为一个重要的话题,而莫恩则认为这一点直到1977年才发生。也可参见Markus Fischer,“The Liberal Peace:Ethical, Historical, and Philo-sophical Aspects”(BCSIA Discussion Paper 2000—07,Kennedy School of Gov-ernment, Harvard University, April 2000),pp.20—22。值得注意的是,偶然性是亨特和莫恩叙事的核心。例如,亨特写道:“然而,即使是自然性、平等性和普世性也是不够的。人权只有在获得政治内容时才有意义。它们不是自然状态下人类的权利;它们是社会中人类的权利”(第21页)。换言之,她反对自然权利。对于莫恩而言,人权是“其他意识形态中唯一有吸引力的意识形态”(第5页)。
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1702910553 [310]英国向其殖民帝国(特别是印度)输出其意识形态的麻烦,表明传播自由主义有多困难。参见Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire:Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2010);Mehta, Liberalism and Empire。
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1702910555 [311]Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship, p.228.对林肯的行动的更详细的讨论,参见该书第223—239页。
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1702910557 [312]Aristide R.Zolberg, A Nation by Design:Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2006),p.192.
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