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[326]一些学者认为,是民主的特殊特征解释了为什么自由民主国家之间不打仗,而不是自由主义的特征。换言之,这些替代性解释并没有强调不可剥夺的权利的重要性,而这却是对所谓的这种现象的自由主义解释。在第七章中,我评价了一些民主的特殊属性,这些属性被认为可以防止自由民主国家之间的战争。
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[327]0:America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order,”Perspectives on Politics 7,no.1(March 2009):75。
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[328]Michael W.Doyle,“Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs,”part 2,Philosophy and Public Affairs 12,no.4(Fall 1983):324.也可参见Doyle,“Liberalism and World Politics,”pp.1156—1163。
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[329]引自Kenneth N.Waltz, Man, the State and War:A Theoretical Analysis(New York:Columbia University Press,1965),p.111。与此相关的是,多伊尔写道:“自由主义战争只是为了大众的、自由的目的。”Doyle,“Liberalism and World Politics,”p.1160.约翰·欧文(John M.Owen)写道:“所有人都对和平感兴趣,并且希望战争只是作为实现和平的工具。”John M.Owen,“How Lib-eralism Produces Democratic Peace,”International Security 19,no.2(Fall 1994):89.
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[330]0,”p.72.
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[331]John Rawls, The Law of Peoples:With“The Idea of Public Reason Revis-ited”(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999),p.35.
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[332]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.24.
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[333]Bertrand Russell, Portraits from Memory and Other Essays(New York:Simon&Schuster,1956),p.45.
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[334]例如,参见Seyla Benhabib,“Claiming Rights across Borders:Interna-tional Human Rights and Democratic Sovereignty,”American Political Science Review 103,no.4(November 2009):691—704。
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[335]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.5,93,113.
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[336]John M.Owen, The Clash of Ideas in World Politics:Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change,1510—2010(Princeton, NJ:Princeton U-niversity Press,2010),p.4.
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[337]参见Nicolas Guilhot, The Democracy Makers:Human Rights and the Politics of Global Order(New York:Columbia University Press,2005)。
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[338]Charles R.Beitz,“International Liberalism and Distributive Justice:A Survey of Recent Thought,”World Politics 51,no.2(January 1999):270.也可参见Brian Barry,“Humanity and Justice in Global Perspective,”in Ethics, Eco-nomics, and the Law;Nomos XXIV, ed.J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chap-man(New York:New York University Press,1982),chap.11;Brian Barry,“International Society from a Cosmopolitan Perspective,”in International Socie-ty:Diverse Ethical Perspectives, ed.David R.Mapel and Terry Nardin(Prince-ton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1998),pp.144—163;Charles R.Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1999),part 3;Richard W.Miller, Globalizing Justice:The Ethics of Poverty and Power(New York:Oxford University Press,2010);Thomas W.Pogge, Realizing Rawls(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,1989),part 3。
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[339]Doyle,“Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs,”part 2,pp.338—343;Eric Mack,“The Uneasy Case for Global Redistribution,”in Problems of International Justice, ed.Steven Luper-Foy(Boulder, CO:West-view Press,1988),pp.55—66.大国有时愿意资助重要的盟国获得经济优势,因为有必要威慑或打击一个特别强大的对手。Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.159,292,324—325.然而,这种现实主义的逻辑与促进全球正义无关。
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[340]Samuel P.Huntington, Who Are We?The Challenges to America’s Na-tional Identity(New York:Simon&Schuster,2004),p.268.也可参见Samuel P.Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order(New York:Simon&Schuster,1996),chap.3。
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[341]Stephen M.Walt, The Hell of Good Intentions:America’s Foreign Poli-cy Elite and the Decline of U.S.Primacy(New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2018),chap.3.也可参见Christopher Layne,“The US Foreign Policy Estab-lishment and Grand Strategy:How American Elites Obstruct Adjustment,”Inter-national Politics 54,no.3(May 2017):260—275;Kevin Narizny, The Political Economy of Grand Strategy(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2007)。
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[342]现实主义有两种基本形式:人性和结构。此处提出的理论显然属于后一类,因为它强调国际体系的总体设计导致国家追求权力。另一方面,对于人性现实主义者而言,国家想要权力很大程度上是因为大多数人天生就有一种内在的权力意志,这实际上意味着国家是由个人领导的,他们致力于使本国支配其竞争对手。例如,汉斯·摩根索(Hans Morgenthau)认为个人有一种强烈的敌意,这是人类行为和国家行为背后的驱动力。Hans J.Morgenthau, Scien-tific Man vs.Power Politics(London:Latimer House,1947),pp.165—167.也可参见Hans J.Morgenthau, Politics among Nations,5th ed.(New York:Knopf,1973),pp.34—35.对于现实主义者而言,权力本身主要就是一个目的,而不是生存的手段,就像结构现实主义者那样。然而,人性现实主义者确实将生存逻辑融入他们的叙事中,这在很大程度上是因为国家在充满具有侵略性和潜在危险的邻国的世界中运行,它们别无选择,只能担心它们的生存,即使它们的最终目标是为了自身利益而获得权力。关于美国现实主义思想的演变,参见Nicolas Guilhot, After the Enlightenment:Political Realism and Inter-national Relations in the Mid-twentieth Century(New York:Cambridge University Press,2017);Brian C.Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy:A Discipli-nary History of International Relations(Albany, NY:State University of New York Press,1998)。
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[343]下面关于现实主义的讨论大量借鉴了Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.29—54,363—365。
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[344]Sebastian Rosato,“The Inscrutable Intentions of Great Powers,”Inter-national Security 39,no.3(Winter 2014/2015):48—88.
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[345]Joseph M.Parent and Sebastian Rosato,“Balancing in Neorealism,”In-ternational Security 40,no.2(Fall 2015):51—86.
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[346]引自Evan Luard, Basic Texts in International Relations:The Evolution of Ideas about International Society(London:Macmillan,1992),p.166。
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[347]没有一个国家能够成为全球霸主,主要是因为地理条件的限制。地球的绝对规模,再加上一些巨大海洋的存在,使得主导它的全部是不可能的。一个国家至多是希望成为一个地区霸主,这意味着主导世界中自己所在的地区。例如,美国自19世纪末以来一直是西半球的一个地区霸主。进一步阐述参见Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.40—42。正如下面所讨论的,排除全球霸权的相同因素使世界国家变为不可能。
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[348]Robert B.Strassler, ed.,The Landmark Thucydides:A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War(New York:Simon&Schuster,1998).
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[349]Markus Fischer,“Feudal Europe,800—1300:Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices,”International Organization 46,no.2(Spring 1992):427—466.
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[350]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(NewYork:Viking,2011),p.55.
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