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[348]Robert B.Strassler, ed.,The Landmark Thucydides:A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War(New York:Simon&Schuster,1998).
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[349]Markus Fischer,“Feudal Europe,800—1300:Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices,”International Organization 46,no.2(Spring 1992):427—466.
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[350]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(NewYork:Viking,2011),p.55.
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[351]Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed.C.B.Macpherson(Harmondsworth, UK:Penguin,1986),p.186.
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[352]正如前一章所强调的,自由主义的一个主要弱点是它把生活在一个国家里的人视为原子论的个体,而实际上,他们本质上是社会存在的。然而,这种弱点不适用于国际层次,因为各国在任何意义上都不是社会实体。它们是以自我为核心的个体政治行为体。当然,这正是现实主义对待国家的方式,这有助于解释为什么在国际体系中按照自由主义指令行事的国家,最终以均势的逻辑行事。
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[353]Charles L.Glaser, Rational Theory of International Politics:The Logic of Competition and Cooperation(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2010),pp.38—39;Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp.31,363;Rosato,“The Inscrutable Intentions of Great Powers,”pp.52—53.
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[354]John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1952),p.83.
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[355]Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraint:On the Theory of Liberal De-mocracy(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1997),p.39.
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[356]Deborah Boucoyannis,“The International Wanderings of a Liberal Idea, or Why Liberals Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Balance of Power,”Perspectives on Politics 5,no.4(December 2007):708;G.Lowes Dickinson, The European Anarchy(New York:Macmillan,1916).
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[357]对于自由主义在国内和国际层次上的区别的不同看法,参见Charles R.Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1979);Hidemi Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals(New York:Cambridge University Press,1989)。
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[358]Monteiro, Theory of Unipolar Politics, chap.3.
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[359]这并不是否认一些多民族国家内部应享有同样权利的构成民族不平等地对待彼此。但在许多情况下,这不是一个重大问题,不同的民族在一个更大的民族国家的背景下相处得很好。
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[360]引自Gerald N.Rosenberg,“Much Ado about Nothing?The Emptiness of Rights’Claims in the Twenty-First Century United States,”in“Revisiting Rights,”ed.Austin Sarat, special issue, Studies in Law, Politics, and Society(Bingley, UK:Emerald Group,2009),p.20。
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[361]Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide:The United Nations and Rwanda(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2002),pp.12—13,34—39,68,85,116—117,163;Samantha Power,“A Problem from Hell”:America and the Age of Genocide(New York:Basic Books,2002),pp.366—367,374—375.
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[362]Scott D.Sagan and Benjamin A.Valentino,“Use of Force:The American Public and the Ethics of War,”Open Democracy, July 2,2015,https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/scott-d-sagan-benjamin-val-entino/use-of-force-american-public-and-ethics-of-war.
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[363]Julia Hirschfeld Davis,“After Beheading of Steven Sotloff, Obama Pledges to Punish ISIS,”New York Times, September 3,2014;White House Press Office,“Statement by the President on ISIL,”September 10,2014.
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[364]John Tirman, The Deaths of Others:The Fate of Civilians in America’s Wars(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),pp.295—302.也可参见Michal R.Belknap, The Vietnam War on Trial:The My Lai Massacre and the Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,2002);Kendrick Oliver, The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory(Manchester, UK:Manchester University Press,2006)。
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[365]John Mueller, War and Ideas:Selected Essays(New York:Routledge,2011),p.174.
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[366]Tirman, The Deaths of Others, p.3.
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[367]第六章会更详细讨论这一案例。
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[368]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.4—5,80—81,90.
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[369]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.126.
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[370]John J.Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institutions,”International Security 19,no.3(Winter 1994/1995):5—49.
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[371]在美国国内,在自由党和卡托研究所中有可能找到主张奉行主要基于权宜自由主义的外交政策的最强烈支持者。Christopher A.Preble, The Power Problem:How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosper-ous, and Less Free(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2009);Libertarian Party,“2016 Platform,”adopted May 2016,https://www.lp.org/platform/.值得注意的是,普雷布尔和其他与他观点相同的专家认为,美国在一个基本上是良性的战略环境中运作,这意味着奉行基于权宜自由主义的外交政策符合均势的逻辑。
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[372]参见Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990—1992(Cambridge, MA:Blackwell,1992),chaps.1—2。
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