1702910842
1702910843
[455]引自Thomas L.Friedman,“Foreign Affairs;Now a Word from X,”New York Times, May 2,1998。
1702910844
1702910845
[456]“Moscow Looks with Concern at NATO, EU Enlargement—2004-02-17,”Voice of America English News, October 26,2009.
1702910846
1702910847
[457]北约扩张的阻力如此小的一个原因是,自由主义者假定北约将永远不必履行其新的安全保障,因为国际政治的性质,至少在欧洲已经发生了根本性的变化。欧洲的战争已经结束了。值得注意的是,美国及其欧洲盟国不认为乌克兰是其核心战略利益,这可以从它们不愿意在正在发生的危机中动用军事力量施以援手表现出来。从现实主义的角度来看,当联盟成员国无意保卫乌克兰时,将乌克兰纳入北约将会是荒谬至极的。然而,自由主义者认为,考虑到他们对当代世界是如何运作的理解,没有必要担心保卫乌克兰的问题。因此,他们愿意为一个他们最终不愿保卫的国家提供安全保障。
1702910848
1702910849
[458]“Full Transcript:President Obama Gives Speech Addressing Europe, Russiaon March 26,”Washington Post, March 26,2014;“Face the Nation Tran-scripts March 2,2014:Kerry Hagel,”CBS News, March 2,2014.也可参见the official transcript of“Remarks by the President at the New Economic School Gradu-ation,”Moscow, July 7,2009(Washington, DC:White House)。
1702910850
1702910851
[459]James Madison,“Political Observations.April 20,1795,”in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol.4(New York:Worthington,1884),p.492.也见Michael C.Desch,“America’s Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S.Foreign Policy,”International Security 32,no.3(Winter2007/8):7—43;David C.Hendrickson, Republic in Peril:American Empire and the Liberal Tradition(New York:Oxford University Press,2018),especially chap.4。
1702910852
1702910853
[460]关于军事化的自由主义国家如何最终在国内推行军事化政策的讨论,参见Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop:The Militarization of America’s Po-lice Forces(New York:Public Affairs,2013),特别是第七章和第八章;Ber-nard E.Harcourt, The Counterrevolution:How Our Government Went to War a-gainst Its Own Citizens(New York:Basic Books,2018)。
1702910854
1702910855
[461]James Risen, State of War:The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration(New York:Free Press,2006);James Risen, Pay Any Price:Greed, Power, and Endless War(New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2014).也可参见Dana Priest and William M.Arkin, Top Secret America:The Rise of the New American Security State(New York:Back Bay Books,2011);Charlie Savage, Power Wars:The Relentless Rise of Presidential Authority and Secrecy(New York:Back Bay,2017)。
1702910856
1702910857
[462]Glenn Greenwald, No Place to Hide:Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S.Surveillance State(New York:Picador,2015),chap.5.
1702910858
1702910859
[463]Jonathan Easley,“Obama Says His Is‘Most Transparent Administra-tion’Ever,”The Hill, February 14,2013.
1702910860
1702910861
[464]这些定义取自John J.Mearsheimer, Why Leaders Lie:The Truth aboutLying in International Politics(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),chap.1。
1702910862
1702910863
[465]这一问题在美国尤为严重,因为其庞大的规模和得天独厚的地理条件使其成为一个非常安全的国家。因此,美国公众强烈倾向于不选择战争。
1702910864
1702910865
[466]Lee Ferran,“America’s Top Spy James Clapper:‘I Made a Mistake but I Did Not Lie,’”ABC News, February 17,2016;Glenn Kessler,“Clapper’s‘Least Untruthful’Statement to the Senate,”Washington Post, June 12,2013;Abby D.Phillip,“James Clapper Apologizes to Congress for‘Clearly Errone-ous’Testimony,”ABC News, July 2,2013.
1702910866
1702910867
[467]Risen, State of War.
1702910868
1702910869
[468]Greenwald, No Place to Hide.
1702910870
1702910871
[469]Jennifer Martinez,“Wyden Warns Data Collection under Patriot Act Is‘Limitless,’”The Hill, July 23,2013.
1702910872
1702910873
[470]Greenwald, No Place to Hide, pp.27—30,127—130,229—230,251.
1702910874
1702910875
[471]Siobhan Gorman,“Secret Court’s Oversight Gets Scrutiny,”Wall Street Journal, June 9,2013.
1702910876
1702910877
[472]Thomas A.Durkin,“Permanent States of Exception:A Two-Tiered System of Criminal Justice Courtesy of the Double Government Wars on Crime, Drugs&Terror,”Valparaiso University Law Review 50,no 2(Winter 2016):419—492.
1702910878
1702910879
[473]Spencer Ackerman,“Obama Lawyers Asked Secret Court to Ignore Pub-lic Court’s Decision on Spying,”Guardian, June 9,2015;Charlie Savage and Jonathan Weisman,“NSA Collection of Bulk Call Data Is Ruled Illegal,”New York Times, May 7,2015.
1702910880
1702910881
[474]“Guantanamo by the Numbers,”American Civil Liberties Union, March 2017,https://www. aclu.org/infographic/guantanamo-numbers.为了进行比较,2013年8月12日,关塔那摩有149名在押人员,其中37人被指定无限期拘留,79人被释放但仍被拘留。“By the Numbers,”Miami Herald, August 12,2013,http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/guan-tanamo/article1928628.html.
1702910882
1702910883
[475]Mark Fallon, Unjustifiable Means:The Inside Story of How the CIA, Pentagon, and US Government Conspired to Torture(New York:Regan Arts,2017).
1702910884
1702910885
[476]Amrit Singh, Globalizing Torture:CIA Secret Detention and Extraordi-nary Rendition(New York:Open Society Foundation,2013).
1702910886
1702910887
[477]这并不是否认在某些情况下,逮捕恐怖分子嫌疑人是不可行的,因此美国决策者别无选择,只能暗杀或放手。然而,在此的重点是可能抓获嫌疑人,但由于涉及与被拘留者打交道的所有法律问题,结果的决定却是杀了嫌疑人的案件。
1702910888
1702910889
[478]Jo Becker and Scott Shane,“Secret‘Kill List’Proves a Test of Obama’s Principlesand Will,”New York Times, May 29,2012;Clive Stafford Smith,“Who’s Getting Killed Today?,”Times Literary Supplement, June 28,2017.
1702910890
1702910891
[479]Micah Zenko,“How Barack Obama Has Tried to Open Up the One-Si-ded Drone War,”Financial Times, May 23,2013.2016年1月,津科(Zenko)写道:“虽然小布什总统批准了大约50次无人机袭击,在也门、巴基斯坦和索马里造成296名恐怖分子和195名平民死亡,但奥巴马批准了506次袭击,造成3 040名恐怖分子和391名平民死亡。”Micah Zenko,“Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy,”New York Times, January 12,2016.也可参见Micah Zenko,“Do Not Believe the U.S.Government’s Official Num-bers on Drone Strike Civilian Casualties:It’s Way, Way Too Low,”Foreign Policy, July 5,2016;“Get the Data:Drone Wars,”The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, September 13,2016,https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/cate-gory/projects/drones/drones-graphs/。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.702910842e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]