打字猴:1.70291364e+09
1702913640 旧世界秩序——在这个世界里,战争是被允许的纠错方式——是血腥、残酷和不公正的。在其崩溃之前,数百万人参加战斗并死亡。本书的目的是希望读者冷静看待阿里斯蒂德·白里安、弗兰克·凯洛格和其他1928年聚集在巴黎那个闷热的房间里的人所终结的世界。同时,希望他们思考《非战公约》痛苦却成功地建立起来的世界——以及我们如何为子孙后代保护它、改进它。
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1702913642 [1] 奥赛码头,是巴黎的一个码头,位于塞纳河左岸,旁边是奥赛街。法国外交部位于奥赛码头,法国人喜欢用地名称呼政府机构,因此奥赛码头通常代表法国外交部。——译者注(本书除特殊标注为译者注外,其余均为作者注)
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1702913644 [2] 《非战公约》英文为“General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy”,全称为《关于废弃战争作为国家政策工具的普遍条约》。本书中,作者使用以下术语来指代该条约:《白里安-凯洛格公约》(Briand-Kellogg Pact)、《放弃战争的普遍条约》(General Treaty for the Renunciation of War)、《凯洛格-白里安公约》(Kellogg-Briand Pact)、《凯洛格公约》(Kellogg Pact)、《非战公约》(“No War Pact”)、《巴黎公约》(Pact of Paris)、《巴黎和平公约》(Paris Peace Pact)、《公约》(Pact)。为了便于阅读,在无特殊情况下,原文在使用上述术语时,译文全部以《非战公约》来表述。——译者注
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1702913646 [3] 关于签署《非战公约》的描述有:Jacques Lefebvre,“Le pacte general de renonciation a la guerre a ete signe hier solennellement,a Paris,par les principales puissances du monde,” L’Ouest-Éclair (Rennes ed.),August 28,1928,1-2;J. G. Hamilton,“Movie Atmosphere Envelops Treaty Signing Ceremony:Searchlights Play on Chief Actors in Famous Clock Room—Shouts of ‘Long Live Germany!’ Heard in Paris Streets,” The Sun,August 28,1928,1;Correspondent,“To-Day’s Great Ceremony in Paris:Preparations in the Clock Saloon,” Manchester Guardian,August 27,1928,9;Edwin L. James,“15 Nations Sign Pact to Renounce War in Paris Room Where League Was Born;Briand Dedicates It to Nations’ Dead,” New York Times,August 28,1928,1,4。The Salle de l’Horloge is depicted and described in French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,“The Clock Room,” France Diplomatie:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development,http://www. diplomatie.gouv.fr/en the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs/a-tour-of-the-quai-d-orsay/article/the-clock-room。
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1702913648 [4] “Documents Diplomatiques de la Conference du Metre,” in Diplomatic Documents of the Metre Conference 1875,Bureau International des Poids et Mesures,accessed June 1,2016,http://www. bipm.org/en/worldwide-metrology/metre-convention/official-texts/.
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1702913650 [5] Paul Louis,“La Premiere Seance de la Societe des Nations,” L’Humanite:Journal Socialiste Quotidien (January 16,1920),3.
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1702913652 [6] French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,“The Clock Room.”
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1702913654 [7] Valentine Thomson,Briand,Man of Peace (New York:Covici-Friede,1930),xii;Frederick W. Haberman,Peace 1926-1950,Nobel Lectures,Including Presentation Speeches and aureates’ Biographies,Vol. 2 (River Edge,NJ:World Scientific,1999);L. De Saint-Martin,“un Geste:un Acte,” L’Ouest-Eclair (Rennes ed.),August 28,1928,1.
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1702913656 [8] U.S. Department of State,Treaty for the Renunciation of War:Text of the Treaty,Notes Exchanged,Instruments of Ratification and of Adherence,and Other Papers (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1933),308-9 (French original text) and 313-14 (English translation).
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1702913658 [9] 韦格蒂乌斯这样表达:“Igitur qui desiderat pacem,praeparet bellum”。Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus,Epitoma Rei Militaris,BookⅢ.
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1702913660 [10] 代理外交大臣库申登勋爵代表印度签字。
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1702913662 [11] Milton Leitenberg,“Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century,” 2003,https://pacs.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/pacs/files/Deaths-Wars-Conflicts3rd-ed.pdf.
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1702913664 [12] Human Security Report 2013,The Decline in Global Violence:Evidence,Explanation and Contestation,37. 作者的度量标准是每年每十万人平均死亡人数。
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1702913666 [13] 截至1934年底,下列国家已成为该公约的缔约国:阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、捷克斯洛伐克、但泽、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、爱沙尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、危地马拉、海地、汉志、洪都拉斯、匈牙利、冰岛、印度、伊拉克、爱尔兰自由邦、意大利、日本、拉脱维亚、利比里亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、巴拿马、巴拉圭、波斯、秘鲁、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、暹罗、南非、苏联、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、英国、美国、委内瑞拉和南斯拉夫。巴巴多斯在1971年加入,安的列斯和阿鲁巴在1986年加入,多米尼加联邦在1988年加入,波黑在1994年加入。
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1702913668 [14] 值得注意的例外包括国际法史学家史蒂芬·内夫(Stephen Neff)的War and the Law of Nations:A General History (New York:Cambridge University Press,2005),293-96;Randall Lesaffer in “Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)” in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law,ed. Rudiger Wolfrum (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013),579;以及反战积极分子大卫·斯旺森(David Swanson)的When the World Outlawed War(2011年自行出版)。
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1702913670 [15] Henry Kissinger,Diplomacy (New York:Simon & Schuster,1994),280.
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1702913672 [16] Eric Sevareid,Radio,Racism and Foreign Policy,at 19:40,https://archive.org/details betweenthewarsradioracismandforeignpolicy 20150427.
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1702913674 [17] Ian Kershaw,To Hell and Back:Europe,1914-1949 (London:Allen Lane,2015),181.
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1702913676 [18] Kenneth L. Adelman,The Great Universal Embrace:Arms Summitry—A Skeptic’s Account (New York:Simon & Schuster,1989),68;James M. Lindsay,“TWE Remembers:The Kellogg-Briand Pact,” The Water’s Edge (August 27,2011),http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2011/08/27/twe-remembers-the-kellogg-briand-pact.
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1702913678 [19] Independent Cinema Office (U.K.),“Histoire Du Soldat Inconnu,” Essentials:Secret Masterpieces of Cinema,http://www. icoessentials.org.uk/film/histoire-du-soldat-inconnu.
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1702913680 [20] Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro,“On Syria,a U.N. Vote Isn’t Optional,” New York Times,September 3,2013.
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1702913682 [21] Daniel W. Drezner,“International Lawyers Give It the Old College Try,” Foreign Policy,September 4,2013.
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1702913684 [22] 这些数据来自和平与冲突研究所(Department of Peace and Conflict Research):UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset v.5-2016,1989-2015,http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/。它们不包括因疾病、饥饿、犯罪或者刻意针对平民的攻击(单方面暴力行为)导致的死亡。
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1702913686 [23] Henry Cabot Lodge,“The Meaning of the Kellogg Treaty,” Harper’s Magazine,December 1928,41.
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1702913688 [24] Carl von Clausewitz,On War,trans. and eds. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1976),87. 霍华德(Howard)和帕雷特(Paret)将其翻译成“战争只不过是政治交往以其他手段的继续”。Carl von Clausewitz,On War,trans. and eds. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1976),第605页。我们采用更著名的解释。
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