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[51]The Answer of the States Generall of the United Provinces of the Low Countries to the Declaration of Warr of the King of Great Brittain (Hague 1674),12,18. 也可参阅墨西哥对于波尔克总统宣战的回应。墨西哥的回应充满着讽刺挖苦,声称墨西哥意欲反抗美国带给印第安人的“那种自由、和平和充足”以及它带给“有色人种”的“那种民主”。请参阅Interim President Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga,Manifiesto del Exmo. Sr. Presidente Interino de la Republica Mexicana (Mexico City,July 26,1846),16。(“Si,la libertad,la paz y la abundancia que han llevado a las tribus indigenas,precisandolas a vivir errantes:la democracia de que goza la gente de color en los Estados Unidos,privada de todo derecho civil y politico y excluida de todos los actos publicos,aun los religiosos.”)威廉·霍尔斯蒂(William Holste)译。
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[52] “The Letter of King Edward to the Nobles and Commons of France,February 8,1340,in John Foxe,The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe,Vol. 2,ed. Stephen Reed Cattley (London:Seeley and Burnside,1837),674-75.
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[53] 尽管如此,在公共场所公布战争宣言的做法还是持续了几个世纪。请参阅,例如 Ordonnance du Roy,portant Declaration de Guerre contre l’Empereur,l’Angleterre,les Etats Generaux des Provinces-Unies,& leurs Alliez (Paris:Frederic Leonard,July 3,1702);Oona Hathaway,William Holste,Scott Shapiro,Jacqueline Van De Velde,and Lisa Wang,“Just Causes of War:Evidence from War Manifestos”(未出版手稿,2017)。本章关于战争宣言的许多讨论借鉴了这部文献。
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[54]Declaration of War on Spain of 1719,With a Manifesto,containing the Reasons,and a Postscript of an intercepted LETTER from Cardinal Alberoni to the Prince de Cellamare (London:A. Bell,1719). 在宣言标题页的底部,写着“(定价:6d)”——“d”是“便士(penny)”的缩写。
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[55] Hathaway et al.,“Just Causes of War.”
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[56] Gottried Wilhelm Leibniz,Leibniz:Political Writings,trans. Patrick Riley (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press 1972),149.
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[57] Geoffrey Symcox,War,Diplomacy and Imperalism,1618-1763 (New York:Walker,1974),102. 也可参阅 Partel Piirimae,“Just War in Theory and Practice:The Legitimation of Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years War,” The Historical Journal 45,no. 3 (Septermber 2002):499-523。
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[58] 请参阅,例如Anuschka Tischer,Offizielle Kriegsbegrundungen in der Fruhen Neuzeit:Herrscherkommunikation in Europa zwischen Souveranitat und korporativem Selbstverstandnis (Munster:LIT Verlag,2012)。蒂舍尔(Tischer)借鉴了亨利克·雷普根(Henrich Repgen)的作品。Konrad Repgen,“Kriegslegitimationen in Alteuropa:Entwurf einer historischen Typologie,” in Schriften des Historischen Kollegs,Vortrage 9 (1985):5-27. 也可参阅Bernd Klesmann,Bellum Solemne:Formen und Funktionen europaischer Kriegserklarungen des 17. Jahrhunderts (Mainz:Philipp von Zabern Verlag,2007)。吉姆·惠特曼(Jim Whitman)描述了腓特烈入侵西里西亚的战争宣言。请参阅Whitman,Verdict of Battle,130-31。
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[59] Hathaway et al.,“Just Causes of War.”
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[60] Hathaway et al.,“Just Causes of War.”
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[61] 关于19世纪和20世纪早期人道主义干涉的相关讨论,请参阅 Gary Bass,Freedom’s Battle:The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2008)。
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[62] John Milton,The Works:Historical,Political,and Miscellaneous. To which is Prefixed,An Account of His Life and Writings. In Two Volumes,vol. 2 (London:Millar,1753),263.
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[63] Theodore Roosevelt,“Fourth Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 6,1904. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/print friendly.php?page= transcript&doc=56&title= Transcript+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Corollary+to+the+Monr oe+Doctrine+ (1905). 2016年1月31日访问。
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[64] 本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)说,瓦特尔的这本书“我们在座的国会议员一直在学习”。Francis Wharton,The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,Vol. 2 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1889),64;也可参阅第四章(讨论杰弗逊对瓦特尔思想的倚重)。
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[65] Vattel,The Law of Nations,2.12.164,3.3.26
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[66]The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,Max Farrand ed.,Vol. 1 (Norwood,MA:The Plimton Press,1911),316. 此外,约翰·杰伊(John Jay)在倡导采用宪法时指出:“战争的正义理由大部分要么来自对条约的违反,要么来自直接采取暴力。”他认为,新的国家政府在避免提供上述正义理由方面,能比十三个州独立运行做得更好。请参阅The Federalist,No. 3 (John Jay)。
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[67] U.S. Constitution,Art. 4,Sec. 2.
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[68] 请参阅Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro,“Outcasting:Enforcement in Domestic and International Law,” Yale Law Journal 121 (2011):253-349。
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[69] Jerome,Letter CXXVII to Principia 12,quoted in Girolamo Arnaldi,Italy and Its Invaders,trans. Antony Shugaar (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2005),4.
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[70] 为征服领土,征服者必须以有意义的方式控制领土。格劳秀斯要求以永久性防御工事来保卫被征服领土。他用汉尼拔(Hannibal)征服罗马时采用的战略来说明纸上征服的无效问题。格劳秀斯称,汉尼拔对罗马城外领土的控制是如此之弱,以至于他所占领的土地在他占领前后竟然以同样的价格出售。DJB,3.6.4.1。
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[71] 他们是否有能力保住被征服领土则是另一回事。关于帝国过度扩张的主题,请参阅 Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York:Random House,1989)。
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[72]DJB,3.8.4.1;Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.13.199.
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[73] Anthony Disney,Twilight of the Pepper Empire:Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1978),71-72.
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[74] Doris Graber,The Development of the Law of Belligerent Occupation:1863-1914 (New York:Columbia University Press,1949),37.
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[75] “Arc de Triomphe”是法语的凯旋门,“Triumphbogen”是德语的凯旋门。——译者注
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