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[56] Gottried Wilhelm Leibniz,Leibniz:Political Writings,trans. Patrick Riley (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press 1972),149.
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[57] Geoffrey Symcox,War,Diplomacy and Imperalism,1618-1763 (New York:Walker,1974),102. 也可参阅 Partel Piirimae,“Just War in Theory and Practice:The Legitimation of Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years War,” The Historical Journal 45,no. 3 (Septermber 2002):499-523。
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[58] 请参阅,例如Anuschka Tischer,Offizielle Kriegsbegrundungen in der Fruhen Neuzeit:Herrscherkommunikation in Europa zwischen Souveranitat und korporativem Selbstverstandnis (Munster:LIT Verlag,2012)。蒂舍尔(Tischer)借鉴了亨利克·雷普根(Henrich Repgen)的作品。Konrad Repgen,“Kriegslegitimationen in Alteuropa:Entwurf einer historischen Typologie,” in Schriften des Historischen Kollegs,Vortrage 9 (1985):5-27. 也可参阅Bernd Klesmann,Bellum Solemne:Formen und Funktionen europaischer Kriegserklarungen des 17. Jahrhunderts (Mainz:Philipp von Zabern Verlag,2007)。吉姆·惠特曼(Jim Whitman)描述了腓特烈入侵西里西亚的战争宣言。请参阅Whitman,Verdict of Battle,130-31。
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[59] Hathaway et al.,“Just Causes of War.”
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[60] Hathaway et al.,“Just Causes of War.”
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[61] 关于19世纪和20世纪早期人道主义干涉的相关讨论,请参阅 Gary Bass,Freedom’s Battle:The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2008)。
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[62] John Milton,The Works:Historical,Political,and Miscellaneous. To which is Prefixed,An Account of His Life and Writings. In Two Volumes,vol. 2 (London:Millar,1753),263.
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[63] Theodore Roosevelt,“Fourth Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 6,1904. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/print friendly.php?page= transcript&doc=56&title= Transcript+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Corollary+to+the+Monr oe+Doctrine+ (1905). 2016年1月31日访问。
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[64] 本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)说,瓦特尔的这本书“我们在座的国会议员一直在学习”。Francis Wharton,The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,Vol. 2 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1889),64;也可参阅第四章(讨论杰弗逊对瓦特尔思想的倚重)。
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[65] Vattel,The Law of Nations,2.12.164,3.3.26
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[66]The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,Max Farrand ed.,Vol. 1 (Norwood,MA:The Plimton Press,1911),316. 此外,约翰·杰伊(John Jay)在倡导采用宪法时指出:“战争的正义理由大部分要么来自对条约的违反,要么来自直接采取暴力。”他认为,新的国家政府在避免提供上述正义理由方面,能比十三个州独立运行做得更好。请参阅The Federalist,No. 3 (John Jay)。
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[67] U.S. Constitution,Art. 4,Sec. 2.
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[68] 请参阅Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro,“Outcasting:Enforcement in Domestic and International Law,” Yale Law Journal 121 (2011):253-349。
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[69] Jerome,Letter CXXVII to Principia 12,quoted in Girolamo Arnaldi,Italy and Its Invaders,trans. Antony Shugaar (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2005),4.
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[70] 为征服领土,征服者必须以有意义的方式控制领土。格劳秀斯要求以永久性防御工事来保卫被征服领土。他用汉尼拔(Hannibal)征服罗马时采用的战略来说明纸上征服的无效问题。格劳秀斯称,汉尼拔对罗马城外领土的控制是如此之弱,以至于他所占领的土地在他占领前后竟然以同样的价格出售。DJB,3.6.4.1。
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[71] 他们是否有能力保住被征服领土则是另一回事。关于帝国过度扩张的主题,请参阅 Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York:Random House,1989)。
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[72]DJB,3.8.4.1;Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.13.199.
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[73] Anthony Disney,Twilight of the Pepper Empire:Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1978),71-72.
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[74] Doris Graber,The Development of the Law of Belligerent Occupation:1863-1914 (New York:Columbia University Press,1949),37.
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[75] “Arc de Triomphe”是法语的凯旋门,“Triumphbogen”是德语的凯旋门。——译者注
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[76] 征服也不同于剥夺国格(“debellation”,拉丁文是“debellatio”)。在剥夺国格情形下,失败是如此彻底,以至于一方失去了统治和保护自身的能力——“bellum”在拉丁语中意味着“战争”,因此当一方在战争中完全被征服后,它就是被剥夺国格了。在征服情形下,一个国家从另一个国家夺取领土;在剥夺国格情形下,一个国家摧毁另一个国家。关于剥夺国格的讨论,请参阅Ernst Feilchenfeld,The International Economic Law of Belligerent Occupation (Washington,DC:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1942);Eyal Benvenisti,The International Law of Occupation,2nd ed. (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012),161-64。
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[77]DJB,3.20.49.2. 1945年,德国和日本接受无条件投降。
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[78] Xenophon,Cyropaedia:The Education of Cyrus,trans. Henry Graham Dakyns (London:J. M. Dent & Sons,1914),240.
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[79] “国际法”这个术语由律师、哲学家杰米里·边沁(Jeremy Bentham)在1780年创造出来。参见Jeremy Bentham,An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,eds. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (London:Athlone Press,1970),296 and n. x(“必须承认,‘国际的’这个词是个新词”)。
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[80]DJB,2.22.8.
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