打字猴:1.70291453e+09
1702914530
1702914531 [61] 关于19世纪和20世纪早期人道主义干涉的相关讨论,请参阅 Gary Bass,Freedom’s Battle:The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2008)。
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1702914533 [62] John Milton,The Works:Historical,Political,and Miscellaneous. To which is Prefixed,An Account of His Life and Writings. In Two Volumes,vol. 2 (London:Millar,1753),263.
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1702914535 [63] Theodore Roosevelt,“Fourth Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 6,1904. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/print friendly.php?page= transcript&doc=56&title= Transcript+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Corollary+to+the+Monr oe+Doctrine+ (1905). 2016年1月31日访问。
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1702914537 [64] 本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)说,瓦特尔的这本书“我们在座的国会议员一直在学习”。Francis Wharton,The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,Vol. 2 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1889),64;也可参阅第四章(讨论杰弗逊对瓦特尔思想的倚重)。
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1702914539 [65] Vattel,The Law of Nations,2.12.164,3.3.26
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1702914541 [66]The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,Max Farrand ed.,Vol. 1 (Norwood,MA:The Plimton Press,1911),316. 此外,约翰·杰伊(John Jay)在倡导采用宪法时指出:“战争的正义理由大部分要么来自对条约的违反,要么来自直接采取暴力。”他认为,新的国家政府在避免提供上述正义理由方面,能比十三个州独立运行做得更好。请参阅The Federalist,No. 3 (John Jay)。
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1702914543 [67] U.S. Constitution,Art. 4,Sec. 2.
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1702914545 [68] 请参阅Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro,“Outcasting:Enforcement in Domestic and International Law,” Yale Law Journal 121 (2011):253-349。
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1702914547 [69] Jerome,Letter CXXVII to Principia 12,quoted in Girolamo Arnaldi,Italy and Its Invaders,trans. Antony Shugaar (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2005),4.
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1702914549 [70] 为征服领土,征服者必须以有意义的方式控制领土。格劳秀斯要求以永久性防御工事来保卫被征服领土。他用汉尼拔(Hannibal)征服罗马时采用的战略来说明纸上征服的无效问题。格劳秀斯称,汉尼拔对罗马城外领土的控制是如此之弱,以至于他所占领的土地在他占领前后竟然以同样的价格出售。DJB,3.6.4.1。
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1702914551 [71] 他们是否有能力保住被征服领土则是另一回事。关于帝国过度扩张的主题,请参阅 Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York:Random House,1989)。
1702914552
1702914553 [72]DJB,3.8.4.1;Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.13.199.
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1702914555 [73] Anthony Disney,Twilight of the Pepper Empire:Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1978),71-72.
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1702914557 [74] Doris Graber,The Development of the Law of Belligerent Occupation:1863-1914 (New York:Columbia University Press,1949),37.
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1702914559 [75] “Arc de Triomphe”是法语的凯旋门,“Triumphbogen”是德语的凯旋门。——译者注
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1702914561 [76] 征服也不同于剥夺国格(“debellation”,拉丁文是“debellatio”)。在剥夺国格情形下,失败是如此彻底,以至于一方失去了统治和保护自身的能力——“bellum”在拉丁语中意味着“战争”,因此当一方在战争中完全被征服后,它就是被剥夺国格了。在征服情形下,一个国家从另一个国家夺取领土;在剥夺国格情形下,一个国家摧毁另一个国家。关于剥夺国格的讨论,请参阅Ernst Feilchenfeld,The International Economic Law of Belligerent Occupation (Washington,DC:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1942);Eyal Benvenisti,The International Law of Occupation,2nd ed. (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012),161-64。
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1702914563 [77]DJB,3.20.49.2. 1945年,德国和日本接受无条件投降。
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1702914565 [78] Xenophon,Cyropaedia:The Education of Cyrus,trans. Henry Graham Dakyns (London:J. M. Dent & Sons,1914),240.
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1702914567 [79] “国际法”这个术语由律师、哲学家杰米里·边沁(Jeremy Bentham)在1780年创造出来。参见Jeremy Bentham,An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,eds. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (London:Athlone Press,1970),296 and n. x(“必须承认,‘国际的’这个词是个新词”)。
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1702914569 [80]DJB,2.22.8.
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1702914571 [81]DJB,2.22.12.
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1702914573 [82]DJB,2.22.9.
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1702914575 [83] Bartolome de las Casas,A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,trans. Nigel Griffin (London:Penguin,1992).
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1702914577 [84] 关于西班牙王国对人道主义主张接受过程的探讨,参见Tuck,The Rights of War and Peace,72-75;安东尼·帕戈登(Anthony Pagden)为维多利亚作序之 Vitoria:Political Writings,eds. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991),xxvii。西班牙人征服的最初理由源于教宗的捐赠和印第安人自然奴役观。维多利亚在他的《美国印第安人》(“On the American Indians”)一文中,将这些观点去合法化了。参见Vitoria,Political Writings,Question 1 and Question 2,Article 2。关于对这些观点的延伸讨论,请参阅Anthony Pagden,The Fall of Natural Man:The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986);Hugh Thomas,The Golden Age of Charles V (London:Allen Lane,2010)。
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1702914579 [85] Vitoria,“On the American Indians” Question 3,Article 5;Francisco de Vitoria,“On Dietary Laws,or Self-Restraint” in Vitoria,Political Writings,Question 1,Article 5,Fifth Conclusion. 维多利亚特别指出,人道主义干预并没有自动制裁征服,但他补充说:“如果除了通过为其确立基督教君主来保护他们,没有其他的方法来确保安全的话,那么这种做法也是合法的,而且只要确保这一目标能够实现,这么做就是必须的。”参阅Francisco de Vitoria,“On Dietary Laws,or self-Restraint” Question 1,Article 5,Sixth Conclusion。
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