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[66] “Senate Ratifies German Treaty by 66 to 20 Vote,” New York Times,October 19,1921;“Wilson’s Hand Seen as Fight on Treaty Stiffens in Senate,” New York Times,September 26,1921;“Wilson Senators Plan Reservations in Fight on Treaty,” New York Times,September 27,1921.
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[67] Vinson,William E. Borah and the Outlawry of War,59.
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[68] SOL to WEB,July 17,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL.
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[69] SOL to WEB,July 17,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL.莱文森还鼓励他的朋友约翰·杜威给博拉写信鼓励他领导非法化战争运动,在莱文森大力推动之后,杜威接受了这样的要求。请参阅 Dewey to WEB,March 6,1922,No. 04891,The Correspondence of John Dewey,1871-1952,Electronic Edition。博拉确实在1936年参加了总统竞选,尽管支持他的代表屈指可数。
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[70] 这里的描述参考了莱文森一份没有注明日期的备忘录,他在备忘录里将这段回忆记录了下来。请参阅SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL。根据这份备忘录,他们是在1919年12月会面的。但肯定是12月早些时候,因为他们校阅过的小册子于1919年12月25日出版。
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[71] 莱文森创立了该委员会并担任主席,并于1921年11月10召开了第一次会议。参见Miscellaneous Papers Associated with the American Committee for the Outlawry of War,box 1,folder 18,SLP UCL。
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[72] Salmon O. Levinson,Outlawry of War (Chicago:American Committee for the Outlawry of War,1921),11. 这部分以“非法化战争计划”为标题,并加了一个星号注明“由已故参议员诺克斯和作者于1919年制订”。Salmon O. Levinson,Outlawry of War (Chicago:American Committee for the Outlawry of War,1921),11.
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[73] John Dewey,“Foreword,” in ibid.
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[74] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 26,1922,box 117,WBP LC;请参阅 Miss Cora Rubin to SOL,January 27,1922,box 117,WBP LC;Telegraph from SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 26,1922,box 117,WBP LC. 印刷和邮寄的协调工作由参议员博拉办公室负责,费用是由莱文森担任主席的美国促进战争非法化委员会支出。Letters between SOL and Miss Cora Rubin,box 117,passim,WBP LC.
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[75] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,February 7,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[76] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,April 28,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,April 5,1922,box 117,WBP LC;Miss Cora Rubin to SOL,February 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[77] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 27,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,February 10,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[78] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 27,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[79] Miss Cora Rubin to SOL,February 7,1922,box 117,WBP LC;Arthur Capper to SOL,February 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[80] Stoner,S. O. Levinson and the Pact of Paris,61. Levinson corresponded with Jane Addams(国际妇女争取和平联盟主席),box 1,folder 2,SLP UCL;Elinor Byrns(国际妇女和平联盟共同创始人),box 11,folder 11,SLP UCL;the Chicago Woman’s Club,box 18,folder 3,SLP UCL;and with the Women’s Federation of Clubs,Women’s International League for Peace,and Women’s Overseas Service League,box 50,folders 1 & 3,SLP,UCL。更多关于20世纪20年代和平组织的活动,请参阅Charles DeBeneditti,Origins of the Modern American Peace Movement,1915-1919 (Millwood,NY:KTO Press,1978);Charles Chatfield,The American Peace Movement:Ideals and Activism (New York:Twayne,1992);Charles DeBeneditti,The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1980);Daniel Gorman,The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012);Cecilia Lunch,Beyond Appeasement:Interpreting Interwar Peace Movements in World Politics (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999);Harriet Hyman Alonso,The Women’s Peace Union and the Outlawry of War,1921-1924 (Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1989)。
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[81] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL. 为了劝诱博拉领导这项运动,莱文森颇费周折。这段时间二者之间的通信清楚地表明,莱文森积极地寻求博拉作为其参议院盟友和其主张的公共倡导者。请参阅,例如SOL to WEB,December 16,1921,box 117,WBP LC;WEB to SOL,December 10,1921,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to WEB,December 8,1921 box 117,WBP LC。到1922年7月13日,博拉开始与莱文森一道致力于寻求一种非法化战争的解决方案。参见WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC。
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[82] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL.
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[83] 参见,例如SOL to WEB,December 2 1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;SOL to WEB,December 15,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;WEB to Morrison,April 9,1928,box 5,folder 4,SLP UCL(敦促莫里森与莱文森谈话,向其解释在国会就和平公约进行辩论期间提起这样的动议将会破坏美国国务院的威信)。
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[84] SOL,“Additional Memoranda Re Outlawry,” May 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[85] WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[86] SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[87] SOL,Memo,undated,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL.
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[88] Salmon O. Levinson,“Can Peace Be Enforced?” The Christian Century,January 8,1925,46-47. 莱文森和博拉思想的演变可从他们之间的书信窥见一斑。请参阅,例如Salmon Levinson,“Additional Memoranda Re Outlawry,” May 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 117,WBP LC;WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC。二人还就著名的一神论派牧师、和平主义者约翰·海恩斯·霍姆斯(John Haynes Holmes)的问题进行了书信沟通。后者在1909年帮助成立了全国有色人种促进会(NAACP),并于1920年成立了美国公民自由联盟(ACLU)。参见WEB to Haynes Holmes,January 31,1925,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL;SOL to Haynes Holmes,February 2,1925,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL。
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[89] John Dewey,Human Nature and Conduct (New York:Henry Holt & Company,1922),109-10.
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[90] Harold Josephson,James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America (Rutherford,NJ:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,1975),39-40.
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