打字猴:1.702916346e+09
1702916346
1702916347 [114] Havens,Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought,195.
1702916348
1702916349 [115] Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 220-21(这些引语来自西周在1878年至1881年发表的演讲,这些演讲后来在陆军报纸上连载)。
1702916350
1702916351 [116] Piovesana,“The Beginnings of Western Philosophy in Japan,” 295-306,299-300.
1702916352
1702916353 [117] 据报道,这个短语是由德国军事顾问克雷门斯·威尔海姆·雅各布·梅克尔(Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel)少校发明的。他于1885年被请到日本帮助实现军队现代化。他将朝鲜半岛描述为“一把插向日本心脏的匕首”。参见 James L. McClain,Japan:A Modern History (New York:W. W. Norton,2002),296。日本人最初是从法国人那里寻求军事现代化建议的。但是,法国在普法战争中战败后,他们转向冲突胜利方德国求助。明治政府于1885年将梅克尔请到了日本,在那里,他协助日本军队进行了结构性改革,为后来日本帝国军队战胜中国和俄国铺平了道路。参见Marius B. Jansen,The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University,2002),396-97;Joachim Burgschwentner,Matthias Egger,and Gunda Barth-Scalmani,eds.,Other Fronts,Other Wars?First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial (Leiden:Brill,2014),135;D. Eleanor Westney,Imitation and Innovation:The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987),40-100。
1702916354
1702916355 [118] Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 224;Havens,Nishi Amane,196,200-201.
1702916356
1702916357 [119] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,49,51.
1702916358
1702916359 [120] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,51. 更多关于19世纪70年代日本和朝鲜关系以及日朝战争原因的讨论,参见Marlene J. Mayo,“The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Policy,” Journal of Asian Studies,31 (1972):793-819;Donald Keane,Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World,1852-1912 (New York:Columbia University Press,2002),229-62。
1702916360
1702916361 [121] 该条约被称为《江华条约》(Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876),在朝鲜被称为《日朝修好条约》(Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity),在日本被称为《朝日修好条约》(Korean-Japanese Treaty of Amity),以及《江华岛条约》(Treaty of Ganghwa Island)。参见The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876,in Korean Treaties,ed. Henry Chung (New York:H. S. Nichols Inc.,1919),205-9。
1702916362
1702916363 [122] 基恩(Keane)对上述事件进行了一些细节描述。参见Keane,Emperor of Japan,249-62。
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1702916365 [123] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,45-55。
1702916366
1702916367 [124] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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1702916369 [125] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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1702916371 [126] Treaty of Ganghwa Island,February 26,1876,Art. 1,in Chung,ed.,Korean Treaties,205.
1702916372
1702916373 [127] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54-55.
1702916374
1702916375 [128] Frederick Foo Chien,The Opening of Korea:A Study of Chinese Diplomacy,1876-1885 (Hamden,CT:Shoe String Press,1967),63;Peter Duus,The Abacus and the Sword:The Japanese Penetration of Korea,1895-1910 (Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1995),49-51.
1702916376
1702916377 [129] Convention of Tientsin (Tianjin),April 18,1885 in Treaties,Conventions,etc.Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1316-17.
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1702916379 [130] McClain,Japan,297.
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1702916381 [131] 根据中方史料,在朝鲜政府未“呈文”清政府请派援兵之前,日本国内就已经盛传清政府“选派精兵三千名运往朝鲜”的谣言。——译者注
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1702916383 [132] 关于中日双方出兵原因,国内外学界流传不同说法。根据中方史料,朝鲜政府正式请求清政府派遣援兵是在1894年6月3日,清政府决定派遣援兵是在6月4日,但日本在6月2日已召集内阁会议决定出兵朝鲜。另外,在清政府未决定派兵之前,6月3日日本驻朝使馆秘书、代理公使杉村浚曾会晤中国驻朝鲜商务代办袁世凯,当面表示盼望中国赶紧派兵代剿。——译者注
1702916384
1702916385 [133] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,49.
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1702916387 [134] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,29-102.
1702916388
1702916389 [135] “The Declaration of War by Japan,” in Vladimir (pseud. for Zenone Volpicelli),The China-Japan War:Compiled from Japanese,Chinese,and Foreign Sources (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1896),245;Sakuyei Takahashi,The Influence of Grotius in the Far East (Brooklyn,NY:Brooklyn Institute,1908),13.日文宣战书中使用了现在普遍使用的“kokusaiho-”一词,用以指代万国法或国际法。
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1702916391 [136] 日本自1895年开始对朝鲜实施经济和军事统治,但直到1910年才吞并了这个国家。参见Treaty Between Japan and Korea (Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty),August 22,1910,in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 6,1910 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1915),682-83。随着《日韩合并条约》一道发布的声明解释说,日韩合并是必须的,因为“该国政府的现有系统已经证明其并非完全能够维持公共秩序和安定团结”。声明继续说,“为了维持朝鲜的和平稳定,促进朝鲜民族的繁荣富强,同时保证外国居民的安宁生活,这一切无比清晰地表明,对朝鲜政府政权做出根本性改变是绝对必要的”。参见Proclamation of Japan Annexing Korea,August 22,1910,in Supplement to the American Journal of International Law,Vol. 4 (New York:Baker,Voorhis & Co.,1910),280-82。
1702916392
1702916393 [137] S. C. M. Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895:Perceptions,Power,and Primacy (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003),270[引自伊藤(Ito)伯爵]。
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1702916395 [138] Treaty of Shimonoseki,April 17,1895,in Treaties,Conventions,etc. Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1318-24. 这段历史是从美国视角来看待的。参见Senate Report No. 752,46th Cong.,3rd Sess. (January 13,1881)。谈判的一部分内容可以参阅Pei-Kai Cheng,Michael Lestz,and Jonathan Spence,eds.,The Search for Modern China:A Documentary Collection (New York:W. W. Norton,1999),172-77。事件的概述可以参阅Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,247-93。
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