打字猴:1.702916424e+09
1702916424
1702916425 [153] Ferrell,“The Mukden Incident,” 67.这被称为中村事件。也可参见Daniel B. Ramsdell,“The Nakamura Incident and the Japanese Foreign Office,” Journal of Asian Studies 25,no. 1 (1965):53-55。
1702916426
1702916427 [154] Wilson,The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society,18-19;Ramsdell,“The Nakamura Incident and the Japanese Foreign Office,” 53-55;Louise Young,Japan’s Total Empire:Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley:University of California Press,1999),39.
1702916428
1702916429 [155] Young,Japan’s Total Empire,39.
1702916430
1702916431 [156] Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,trans. Mikiso Hane (Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,1982),6.
1702916432
1702916433 [157] Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,5-8,41-42.
1702916434
1702916435 [158] 直到去世,本庄繁将军还坚持这些行动仅仅是出于防卫考虑。参见Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,7-8。目前还不清楚他是否在袭击之前就知道具体的计划,但他已经明确表达了要解决“满洲问题”的意图,并批准了将活动扩展到铁路沿线以外的计划。参见Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,8-9。
1702916436
1702916437 [159] League of Nations Special Assembly,Report of the League Assembly on the Manchurian Dispute (International Relations Committee,1933),4-5.
1702916438
1702916439 [160]LNOJ,Vol. 12 (1931),2318. 除了应对国际联盟的公开声明和私下通信外,日本还针对这些指控准备了详细的回应。大部分材料参见日本驻国联代表团:Japanese Delegation to the League of Nations,The Manchurian Question:Japan’s Case in the Sino-Japanese Dispute as Presented Before the League of Nations (Geneva,1933)。
1702916440
1702916441 [161] League of Nations,Appeal by the Chinese Government,Report of the Commission of Enquiry,League of Nations Publications,No. C.633.M.320 (Geneva,1932),5.
1702916442
1702916443 [162] Memorandum from the U.S. Ambassador in Japan to the U.S. Secretary of State,July 16,1932,Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,Japan 1931-1941 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1943),93-94.
1702916444
1702916445 [163] 松冈洋右的英文翻译为“Matsuoka Yosuke”,此处应该是作者笔误。——译者注
1702916446
1702916447 [164] Lu,Agony of Choice,43-65.
1702916448
1702916449 [165] Lu,Agony of Choice,1-16.
1702916450
1702916451 [166] Lu,Agony of Choice,86-95.
1702916452
1702916453 [167] The representatives condemned Japan at a series of special sessions from December 6 through December 8,1932,LNOJ Special Supplement,No. 111 (1933),32-63.
1702916454
1702916455 [168] “Discussion and Adoption of the Draft Report Prepared by the Special Committee of the Assembly Under Paragraph 4 of Article 15 of the Covenant,” LNOJ Special Supplement,No. 112 (1933),22-23.
1702916456
1702916457 [169] “Discussion and Adoption of the Draft Report Prepared by the Special Committee of the Assembly Under Paragraph 4 of Article 15 of the Covenant,” LNOJ Special Supplement,No. 112 (1933),23.
1702916458
1702916459 [170] 关于松冈从国联退场的描述,参见“The League:Crushing Verdict,” Time,March 6,1933,21。
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1702916463
1702916464 反战之战:律师、政客与知识分子如何重塑世界 [:1702913187]
1702916465 反战之战:律师、政客与知识分子如何重塑世界 第七章 和平制裁
1702916466
1702916467 心理学家将目击者以多样性的且往往 是相互矛盾的方式描述现实的倾向称为“罗生门效应”(“Rashomon Effect”)。这一现象源于黑泽明(Akira Kurosawa)的经典电影《罗生门》(Rashomon),它讲述了两个事件的四个不同版本:一个可能是强奸的性邂逅,一个可能是谋杀的武士之死。观众永远不会知道哪个版本是正确的。
1702916468
1702916469 各国也在实践“罗生门效应”。例如,日本并不认为它在1928年8月27日废弃了旧世界秩序的规则。在日本,《非战公约》被称为《无战公约》(“NO-War Pact”),它的签署被认为是一种外交姿态,一份崇高的宣言,宣示了所有文明国家寻求和平的愿望。事实上,日本官员认为,日本被包括在参加巴黎举行的盛大仪式的15个国家当中,这是一个标志,表明日本在积极寻求和平的道路上已经走了多远。
1702916470
1702916471 日本错误地认为“无战”并不意味着“没有战争”。这一认识之所以是错误的,就在于它显然只为其自身利益服务。日本最终崛起为一个军事强国,它准备要成为亚洲地区的一个主导力量,如果不是唯一主导力量的话。
1702916472
1702916473 但就像《罗生门》一样,也许日本的观点并没有那么不合理。毕竟,日本仍然不太熟悉旧世界秩序。此时距离西周从格劳秀斯的出生地返回日本写下第一本关于国际法的教科书也仅仅60年。既然日本已经尽职地学会了“国际法是什么东西”,那么他们就很难想象,这个体系可以接受公开辩论,更不用说彻底改变了。
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