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[12] Telegram,Prime Minister Churchill to President Roosevelt,November 5,1944,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),13.
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[13] 参阅Telegram,Prime Minister Churchill to President Roosevelt,October 22,1944,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),10-11。根据1936年《关于海峡制度的蒙特勒公约》(Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits),土耳其控制了博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡,从而控制了黑海和爱琴海之间的通道。
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[14] 参阅丘吉尔、罗斯福和斯大林之间的大量通信,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),3-40。
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[15] G. F. Krivosheev,ed.,Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London:Greenhill,1997),85-86.俄罗斯的研究人员对这些数字提出了批评。他们认为,克里沃什耶夫(Krivosheev)的估计没有充分考虑到战俘和应征入伍者的情况。他们估计,这场战争中苏联的总死亡人数要高出几百万。学者们还就如何正确估计战时“额外”死亡人数进行了辩论。参阅,例如 Michael Haynes,“Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:A Note,” Europe Asia Studies 55,no. 2 (2003):303-9。
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[16] 就美国而言,国会研究服务局估计,有291557人死于战斗,有113842属于“其他死亡”(死于其他原因,如事故、疾病和感染)。Nese F. DeBruyne and Anne Leland,American War and Military Operations Casualties:Lists and Statistics,Congressional Research Service (January 2,2015),2. 就英国而言,英联邦战争公墓委员会(Commonwealth Graves Commission)报告说,英国及其非自治殖民地共有383758名军人死于各种原因(这个数字包括确认被埋葬和名字被刻在纪念碑上的人),以及67170名平民死于敌人的行动。Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report(2014-2015),39. 其他人给出的数字略有不同。参阅,例如Alan Bullock,Hitler and Stalin:Parallel Lives (London:HarperCollins,1991),1086(估计美国死亡人数为295000,英国死亡人数为388000)。
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[17] Winston Churchill,The Second World War:Triumph and Tragedy (Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1953),347. 1945年2月3日总统在雅尔塔的日志也描述了这些准备工作,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),551-52。
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[18] Diane Shaver Clemens,Yalta (New York:Oxford University Press,1970),116.
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[19] Diane Shaver Clemens,Yalta (New York:Oxford University Press,1970),116.
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[20] Rigdon,White House Sailor,138.
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[21] 剩下留待解决的问题都很重要,但都不足以破坏成立联合国组织的计划。这些问题包括:应该给予哪些国家以该组织的初始成员国地位,是否应该规定领土托管,该组织应该设在哪里,如何结束国际联盟,以及为最终起草将建立新组织及其组成部分的法律文件做出安排。Memorandum to President Roosevelt,“Questions Left Unsettled at Dumbarton Oaks,” October 27,1944,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),45.
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[22] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),574.
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[23] Combined Chiefs of Staff Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),583.
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[24] 参阅,例如 Joint Chiefs of State to the President,January 23,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),396-400。大体上参阅“Entry of the Soviet Union in the War Against Japan,” FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),361-400。
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[25] 美国、英国和苏联在雅尔塔签署的一项协议规定:“苏联、美利坚合众国和英国三大国的领导人同意,在德国投降和欧洲战争结束后的两到三个月内,苏联将站在盟国一边对日本开战,条件是:……2.俄国因日本1904年背信弃义的进攻而受到侵犯的原有权利,应予以恢复,即(a)库页岛南部及其邻近岛屿应归还苏联……3.千岛群岛应移交给苏联。”参阅Agreement Regarding Entry of the Soviet Union Into the War Against Japan,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),984。第二次世界大战后,苏联占领了库页岛和千岛群岛,但对中国东北地区的主权主张却失败了。即使在今天,这些岛屿仍然是日本和俄罗斯之间争端的主题。
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[26] 参见,例如Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),612,620-21。
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[27] Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),669. 尽管不是雅尔塔会议讨论的主题,斯大林仍然顽固地坚持保留对波罗的海国家爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛的控制权。毕竟,正是希特勒在《苏德互不侵犯条约》中承诺让苏联控制这些国家,才赢得了斯大林的忠诚(直到希特勒改变侵略路线,入侵苏联)。他不会因为盟国拒绝承认该协议的合法性而动摇自己的决心。毕竟,波罗的海国家并不需要繁荣,它们只需要承受住可能来自西方的新的打击即可。
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[28] Memorandum,Soviet Foreign Policy,Acting Secretary of State (Grew) for the President,January 12,1945,ibid.,449-55.
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[29] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),589.
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[30] Andrei Gromyko,Memories,trans. Harold Shukman (London:Hutchinson,1989),85.
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[31] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590.
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[32] Arkady Vaksberg,Stalin’s Prosecutor:The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York:Grove,1991)(quoting Sir Frank Roberts),252-53.
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[33] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590.
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[34] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590-91;Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring,eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946 (New York:New Viewpoints,1975),241.
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[35] Campbell and Herring eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946,at 241.根据斯特蒂纽斯自己的说法,他后来帮助首相更好地理解了这个问题。Campbell and Herring eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946,241-42.
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[36] Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),611-33.
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