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[115] Jackson diary,May 10 1945,box 95,RJP LOC.
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[116] .关于劳特派特的优秀传记,以及他在发展反人类罪的法律基础方面作用的讨论,请参阅 Philippe Sands,East West Street:On the Origins of “Genocide” and “Crimes Against Humanity” (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2016)。
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[117] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,383-84.
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[118] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,299.
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[119] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,384.
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[120] Hans Kelsen to Roscoe Pound,September 8,1943,box 140,reel 7,RPP HLS.
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[121] Hans Kelsen to Roscoe Pound,April 15,1943,box 140,reel 7,RPP HLS.
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[122] 参见,例如,Archibald MacLeish to Roscoe Pound,September 20,1943,RPP HLS。
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[123] Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016).
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[124] 据奥莱霍夫斯基考证,这些备忘录的标题是:1)关于起诉欧洲轴心国战犯的执行协议草案;2)关于起诉欧洲轴心国战犯的协定;3)关于反对追溯既往法律的规定;4)关于侵略的定义;5)关于“发动侵略战争是一种罪行吗?”问题;6)日本政府签署的投降书;7)关于惩治战犯和《联合国宪章》;8)关于未经事先警告而准备、发动和开始敌对行动的战争罪行。Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),106.
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[125] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,121;“Amendments proposed by the United Kingdom Delegation to the United States Draft Protocol,” June 28,1945,in Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),86;“Minutes of Conference Session of June 29,1945,” in Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),99.
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[126] 参见 Memorandum of Hans Kelsen,n.d.,box 104,reel 10,pp. 2-3,RJP LOC。关于这一思想的更早表达,参见Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943):533。
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[127] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34,538-40.
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[128] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
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[129] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
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[130] Memorandum of Hans Kelsen,at 4-5.
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[131] 凯尔森在下面这篇文章中第一次提出这个问题,参见 Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility”。这篇文章于1943年发表,杰克逊可能读过它,因为他在论文中摘录过引文。在这篇文章中,凯尔森更全面地讨论了这个问题,参见Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。这几乎可以肯定是来自他为威尔写的备忘录,杰克逊可能也读过。
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[132] Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。“随后的条约并不会使一项法律行动变成事后非法。它只会将犯罪者的个人责任加入现有国际法所规定的非法行动的集体责任当中。”
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[133] 凯尔森还提到了这么做在政治上的好处。以这种方式改革国际法将使对战争罪的起诉更容易被接受。“国际法庭对战争罪行的惩罚……肯定会遇到更少的阻力,因为在对国际法进行全面改革的框架内进行这项工作,对民族感情的伤害就会小得多。其目的是通过确定那些以国家代理人的身份违反国际法行为的个人责任来完成对国家违反国际法集体责任的确定。” Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility,” 565.
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[134] Memorandum of Robert Jackson,July 5,1945,box 104,reel 10,RJP LOC.
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[135] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,137-38,395.
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[136] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,423.
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[137] 在装着其法律意见书的文件夹的背面,施米特写道,是律师沃尔特·施米特委托的。参见 Helmut Quaritsch,“Zur Entstehung des Gutachtens 1945,” in Carl Schmitt,Das internationalrechtliche Verbrechen des Angriffskrieges und der Grundsatz “Nullum crimen,nulla poena sine lege,” ed. Helmut Quartisch (Berlin:Duncker & Humblot,1994),125。几乎可以肯定,施米特是通过他的助手康拉德·卡勒奇(Konrad Kaletsch)代表弗利克行事的。参见Hubert Seliger,Politische Anwalte?Die Verteidiger der Nurnberger Prozesse (Baden-Baden:Nomos,2016),228。
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[138] 关于这份备忘录更多的背景介绍,参见 Helmut Quaritsch’s Introduction in Schmitt,Verbrechen,以及Timothy Nunan,Notes on the Text,in Schmitt,Writings on War,125。
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[139] 关于施米特对《凯洛格-白里安公约》的讨论,参见“The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,155-64。
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