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1.当时的决策者从第一次世界大战中得到什么”教训”?这如何影响他们在两次世界大战间歇期的行为?
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2.集体安全概念与均势概念有什么区别?集体安全原则是乌托邦式的观念吗?如果不是,那么集体安全原则如何才能在两次大战的间歇期发挥更大的作用?
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3.第二次世界大战适不可避免的吗?如果是,那么为什么以及在什么时候会发生?如果不是,那么在什么时候以及如何可以被避免?
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4.第二次世界大战的爆发同有关领导人的个性有多大的关系?
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5.两次世界大战间歇期的某些经验教训有助于今天的决策者们避免战争吗?
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6.日本攻击美国的行为是不理智的吗?
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[1] Woodrow Wilson,引自 Ray S. Baker and William E. Dodd,eds. , The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson: War and Peace, vol. I (New York: Harper, 1927),pp. 182—183。
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[2] Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House(New York: John Day Co. , 1956).
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[3] Woodrow Wilson,引自 Inis L. Claude,Power and International Relations(New York: Random House, 1962),p.l04o
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[4] 事实上,该条约原定于华盛顿会议上签署,承认日本的大国地位。英国决定终止该条约,是因为受加拿大政府影响,加拿大政府担心续签该条约会让美国不高兴。Phillips Payson O’Brien,“Britain and the End of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,” in Phillips Payson O’Brien,ed.,The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902—1922(London: RoutledgeCurzon,2003),pp. 264-284。
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[5] 引自 F. P. Walters,A history of the League of Nations:(London: Oxford University press,1952), p.653。
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[6] Taylor, A. J. P. , The Origins of the Second World War, 2nd ed. (Greenwich: Fawcett, 1961), p.281.
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[7] Ian Kershaw, “Hitler and the Nazi Dictatorship,” in Mary Fulbrook, ed., German History since 1800(London: Arnold, 1997), p.336.
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[8] 希特勒是众多传记和个性研究作品的研究对象。当然,任何一个有关第二次世界大战的历史著述都会详细提到希特勒。特別具有启示的佳作是一本相对 较旧的传记:Alan Bullock,Hitler:A Study in Tyranny,abr. ed. (New York: Harper&Row,1971)。有一本最有创意的心理传记作品,它详尽地分析并提出合理谨慎的结论。该书就是 Fritz Redlick,Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)。
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[9] Adolf Hitler,引自 Gordon Craig,Germany,1866—1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978),p.712。
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[10] Bulllock, Hitler, p. 190; John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Gdirden City, NY: Doubleday,1976),pp. 467—469; Sidney Aster,1939: the Making of the Second World War(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), p.235.
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[11] Dean Acheson,引自 Scott Sagan, “The Origins of the Pacific War,” in Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Tabb,eds., the Origin and Prevention of Major War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp.335—336。
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[12] Sagan, “The Origins of the Pacific War,” p.325.
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[13] Tsukuda,引自 Scott Sagan,“Deterrence and Decision: An Historical Critique of Modern Deterrence Theory,” Ph. D. thesis,Harvard University, 1983, p.280。
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[14] Stephen R. Rock, Appeasement in International Politics (Lexingon:University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp.25—47.
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[15] Robert J. Caputi, Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement (Sdinsgrowe, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2000), p.39.
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[16] Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace: Speeches 1937—1938 (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), p.59.
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[17] David P. Calleo, The German Problem Reconsidered :Germany and the World Order, 1870 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p.6.
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