1702938890
[9]Nibras Kazimi, “Zarqawi’s Anti-Shia Legacy: Original or Borrowed?” Hudson Institute, November 1, 2006 （www.hudson.org/research/9908-zarqawi-s-anti-shia-legacy-originalor-borrowed-#BkMkToFoot2）. 拉菲达（阿拉伯语意为“拒绝”）一词系指什叶派，强调他们拒绝承认先知穆罕默德之后的三任哈里发。
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1702938892
[10]Zaki Chehab, Inside the Resistance: Reporting from Iraq’sDanger Zone（New York: Nation Books, 2006）, p. 47.
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1702938894
[11]“Al-Jamaa Hassan Hussain li Ahl al-Islam,” Muskar alBattar 21 （2004） （http://ia600407.us.archive.org/6/items/AL-BATAR-Leaflet/021.pdf）.
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1702938896
[12]Zawahiri to Zarqawi, July 9, 2005, GlobalSecurity.org, （www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/2005/zawahirizarqawi-letter_9jul2005.htm）; Libi to Zarqawi, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, December 10, 2005 （www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Atiyahs-Letter-toZarqawi-Original.pdf）.
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[13]Zawahiri to Zarqawi, July 9, 2005.
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1702938900
[14]Will McCants, “State of Confusion: ISIS Strategy and How to Counter it,”Foreign Affairs,September 10, 2014 （www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141976/william-mccants/state-ofconfusion）.
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1702938902
[15]Matthew Levitt, “Declaring an Islamic State, Running a Criminal Enterprise,”The Hill, July 7, 2014 （http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/211298-declaring-an-islamic-staterunning-a-criminal-enterprise）.
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[16]“Yazidis in Iraq: A Tough Time,”The Economist, November 13, 2013 （www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/11/yazidis-iraq）.
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1702938906
[17]Colin Kahl, “Breaking Dawn: Building a Long-term Strategic Partnership with Iraq,”Foreign Policy, August 31, 2010 （http://mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/08/31/breaking_dawn）.
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1702938908
[18]Mike Mount, “Reward for Wanted Terrorist Drops,” CNN, May 13, 2008 （http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/05/13/pentagon.masri.value/）.
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1702938910
[19]“Al-Baghdadi Confirms the Death of Al-Qaeda in Iraq Second-in-Command,”CBS News, October 23, 2008 （www.cbsnews.com/news/al-baghdadi-confirms-the-death-of-alqaeda-in-iraqs-second-in-command/）.
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1702938912
[20]Timothy Williams and Duraid Adnan, “Sunnis in Iraq Allied with U.S. Rejoin Rebels,”New York Times, October 16, 2010 （www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/middleeast/17awakening.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0）.
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[21]Brian Fishman, “Redefining the Islamic State: The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda in Iraq,” National Security Studies Program Policy Paper （Washington: New America Foundation, August 2011） （http://security.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Fishman_Al_ Qaeda_In_Iraq.pdf）.
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[22]“FACTBOX: Security Developments in Iraq, August 15,” Reuters, August 15, 2011 （www.trust.org/item/?map=factboxsecurity-developments-in-iraq-august-15/）.
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1702938918
[23]Jessica D. Lewis, “Al-Qaeda in Iraq Resurgent: The Breaking the Walls Campaign, Part I,” Middle East Security Report 14 （Washington: Institute for the Study of War, September 2013） （www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/AQIResurgent-10Sept_0.pdf）.
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[24]Tim Arango and Eric Schmitt, “Escaped Inmates from Iraq Fuel Syrian Insurgency,” New York Times, February 12, 2014 （www.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/world/middleeast/escapedinmates-from-iraq-fuel-syria-insurgency.html）.
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1702938922
[25]Michael Knights, “ISIL’s Political-Military Power in Iraq,”CTC Sentinel, August 27, 2014 （www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/isils-political-military-power-in-iraq）.
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1702938924
[26]Peter Neumann, “Suspects into Collaborators,”LondonReview of Books 36（April 3, 2014）: 19–21.
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[27]Zeina Karam and Qassim Abdul-Zahra, “Al Qaeda’s Nusra Front Leader Stays in Syria Shadows,” Associated Press, November 4, 2013 （www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/alqaedas-nusra-front-leader-stays-in-syrias-shadows）.
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[28]Rania Abouzeid, “The Jihad Next Door: The Syrian Roots of Iraq’s Newest Civil War,”Politico, June 23, 2014 （www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al-qaeda-iraqsyria-108214.html#.U9NsJVYpTRo）.
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[29]同上；作者对多位来自拉卡和代尔祖尔的叙利亚部落谢赫所做的访谈，2014年8月。
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[30]“Declaration of Jabhat al-Nusra for the People of Syria from the Mujahideen of Syria in the Fields of Jihad,” al-Manarahal-Bayda Foundation for Media Production, January 23, 2012 （http://jihadology.net/2012/01/24/al-manarah-al-baydafoundation-for-media-production-presents-for-the-people-ofsyria-from-the-mujahidin-of-syria-in-the-fields-of-jihadjabhah-al-nusrah-the-front-of-victory）; “Forty Killed, 100 Wounded in Damascus Blasts—TV,” Reuters, December 23, 2011 （www.trust.org/item/?map=forty-killed-100-woundedin-damascus-blasts—tv/）.
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[31]根据作者估算。
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[32]“Syrians March in Support of Jabhat al-Nusra Militants,” France 24, December 16, 2012 （www.france24.com/en/20121216-syria-march-support-jabhat-nusra-militantsus-terrorist/）.
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[33]“On the Relationship of Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham,”Al-Fajr Media, February 4, 2014 （http://jihadology.net/2014/02/02/as-sahab-media-presents-a-newstatement-from-al-qaidah-on-the-relationship-of-qaidat-aljihad-and-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-and-al-sham）.
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