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[2]Richard E.Neustadt,“The Presidency at Mid-Century,”Law and Contemporary Politics 21(Autumn1956):609-45
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[3]同上。黑体强调出自原文。
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[4]Donald F.Kettl,“Reforming the Executive Branch of the U.S.Government,”in The Executive Branch,ed.Joel D.Aberbach and Mark A.Peterson(New York:Oxford University Press,2005),344.
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[5]在尼克松总统时期,小阿瑟·施莱辛格所著的一本具有深远影响的专著中提出了这个事例,参见The Imperial Presidency(New York:Houghton Mifflin,1973)。施莱辛格最关注总统在外交与国家安全方面的责任,因为在此方面脱缰的总统制”可能导致国内的滥权,第vii-x页。
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[6]Erwin C.Hargrove and Michael Nelson,Presidents,Politics,and Policy(Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press,1984),271.
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[7]宾夕法尼亚大道连接白宫与国会大厦。——译注
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[8]Kettl,“Reforming,”344.
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[9]Kettl,“Reforming”,369-70.
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[10]Forrest McDonald,The American Presidency:An Intellectual Histo-ry(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,1994),407.
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[11]Michael Nelson,ed.,Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to the Presidency,2nd ed.(Washington,DC:Congressional Quarterly Press,1996),124.
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[12]红州是指倾向于支持共和党的州;蓝州则是指倾向于支持民主党的州。——译注
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[13]E.Pendleton Herring,Presidential Leadership(New York:Rinehart and Company,1940),2-3.
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美国总统制 附录
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注意:PV=普选得票百分比;EV=选举人团得票百分比
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*普选得票率表直到1824年才开始提供;选举人团得票百分比只是针对总统;竞选得票第二名为副总统,他得到不一样的得票率,这一状态直到第十二条修正案得到批准为止。
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