1703125694

1703125695 (13)例如，John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Jonathan K. Ocko, Bureaucratic Reform in Provincial China, Ting Jihch’ang in Restoration Kiangsu, 1867－1870, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983; Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985; Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986；Keith R. Schoppa, Chinese Elites and Political Change: Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982; Keith R. Schoppa, Xiang Lake－Nine Centuries of Chinese Life, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989; Min Tu－ki, National Polity and Local Power, The Transformation of Late Imperial China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989; Madeline Zelin, The Magistrate’s Tael, Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth－Century Ch’ing China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984。

1703125696

1703125697 (14)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 353－390.

1703125698

1703125699 (15)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, Chapter 7.

1703125700

1703125701 (16)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 353－390; Madeline Zelin, The Magistrate’s Tael, Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth－Century Ch’ing China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, Chapter 2.

1703125702

1703125703 (17)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 211.

1703125704

1703125705 (18)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 375－376, 384.

1703125706

1703125707 (19)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 375.

1703125708

1703125709 (20)Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 956－969; Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber, An Intellectual Portrait, Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1960, pp. 423－430.

1703125710

1703125711 (21)关于这一问题的讨论，详见Martin Albrow, Bureaucracy, New York: Praeger, 1970, Chapter 1。

1703125712

1703125713 (22)Leon Vandermeersch,“An Enquiry into the Chinese Conception of Law”, in Stuart R. Schram, ed., The Scope of State Power in China, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1985, pp. 14－15。另可参见Sybille van der Sprenkel, Legal Institutions in Manchu China: A Sociological Analysis, New York: Humanities Press, 1962, p. 70。

1703125714

1703125715 (23)Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 212－214。另可参见Dennis H. Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1995, pp. 35－41。

1703125716

1703125717 (24)H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, pp. 294－295; Max Weber, Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947, pp. 130－131.

1703125718

1703125719 (25)Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 123－141; Pierre Bourdieu, “Social Space and Symbolic Power”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1989), pp. 14－25.

1703125720

1703125721 (26)Winston W. Lo, An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987, p. 24.

1703125722

1703125723 (27)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986; Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962; John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Joseph W. Esherick & Mary Backus Rankin, Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.

1703125724

1703125725 (28)Hsieh Pao－chao, The Government of China, 1644－1911, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925.

1703125726

1703125727 (29)Hsiao Kung－chuan, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.

1703125728

1703125729 (30)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

1703125730

1703125731 (31)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.

1703125732

1703125733 (32)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 154.

1703125734

1703125735 (33)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 372.

1703125736

1703125737 (34)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 19, 132.

1703125738

1703125739 (35)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

1703125740

1703125741 (36)Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.

1703125742

1703125743 (37)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self－government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298.

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