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(21)关于这一问题的讨论，详见Martin Albrow, Bureaucracy, New York: Praeger, 1970, Chapter 1。
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(22)Leon Vandermeersch,“An Enquiry into the Chinese Conception of Law”, in Stuart R. Schram, ed., The Scope of State Power in China, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1985, pp. 14－15。另可参见Sybille van der Sprenkel, Legal Institutions in Manchu China: A Sociological Analysis, New York: Humanities Press, 1962, p. 70。
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(23)Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 212－214。另可参见Dennis H. Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1995, pp. 35－41。
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(24)H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, pp. 294－295; Max Weber, Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947, pp. 130－131.
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(25)Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 123－141; Pierre Bourdieu, “Social Space and Symbolic Power”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1989), pp. 14－25.
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(26)Winston W. Lo, An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987, p. 24.
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(27)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986; Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962; John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Joseph W. Esherick & Mary Backus Rankin, Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
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(28)Hsieh Pao－chao, The Government of China, 1644－1911, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925.
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(29)Hsiao Kung－chuan, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
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(30)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
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(31)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
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(32)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 154.
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(33)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 372.
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(34)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 19, 132.
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(35)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.
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(36)Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
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(37)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self－government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298.
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(38)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self－government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 262, 279.
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(39)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, p. 43.
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(40)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, Chapter 3.
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(41)关于这场学术争论中各家所持的不同观点，参见Philip C. C. Huang,“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo.19, No.2(1993), pp. 251－298; William T. Rowe,“The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 139－157; Mary Backus Rankin,“Some Observations on a Chinese Public Sphere”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 158－182; Frederic Evans Wakeman, Jr.,“The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflection on Chinese Political Culture”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 108－138。上述论文，均刊登在Modern China在1992年出版的第19卷第2辑《中国的“公共领域”/“市民社会”？中国研究中的范式问题》专号（The Symposium“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?Paradigmatic Issues in Chinese Studies”）的第三部分。
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(42)William T. Rowe, “The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 139－157.
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(43)Philip C. C. Huang, “Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Justice”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 3 (1993), pp. 216－240; Philip C. C. Huang, “‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 251－298; Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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(44)Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 110.
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(45)S. N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires, New York: The Free Press, 1963, p. 27.
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