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1703230665
(35)Keohane and Nye,Jr.,“The Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of Democratic Legitimacy.”
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(36)Ibid.,3.
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(37)Ibid.,4.
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(38)关于OECD起源和当前活动的精彩概述参见James Salzman,“Labor Rights,Globalization and Institutions:The Role and Influence of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,”776-83.OECD网站上的资料也十分详尽。“What is OECD?”On the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development homepage(cited 20 December 2003);网址:http://www.oecd.org/about/general/index.htm.
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(39)参见Cheek,“The Limits of Informal Regulatory Cooperation in International Affairs:A Review of the Global Intellectual Property Regime,”313-314(探讨了在与贸易有关的知识产权(TRIPS)谈判中,斯德哥尔摩集团是如何促使“十大工业国集团进行各种非正式会晤,并就诸多问题达成共识”)。也可参见Keohane and Nye,“Transgovernmental Relations,”54.基欧汉(Keohane)和奈(Nye)探讨了国际组织“促进各国政府国内机构的官员进行直接会晤的各种方式;主张具有战略思想的国际组织秘书处会着眼于鼓励相关接触而安排各种会议;并且指出了那些由国际组织专门设立的、涉及跨政府和跨国合作的各种网络。”
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(40)Pollack and Shaffer,Transatlantic Governance,14-17.
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(41)克林顿总统1998年9月14日在对外关系委员会的演讲,“Transcript:President’s Speech on the Global Financial Crisis,”on the United States Mission to Italy homepage(cited 4 June 2003);网址:http://www.usembassy.it/file9801/alia/98091402.htm.克林顿响应了英国首相托尼·布莱尔建立“下个千年新布雷顿体系”这一号召。“Global Finance.Don’t Wait Up,”The Economist 3 October 1998,U.S.Edition,83.
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(42)Garten,“Needed:A Fed For the World,”New York Times,23 September 1998,A29.英国经济学家约翰·伊特韦尔(John Eatwell)和泰勒(Taylor)建议成立一个世界金融管理局。参见“Global Finance.Don’t Wait Up,”83.
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(43)Chote,“A World in the Woods,”Financial Times,2 November 1998,20.
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(44)“Global Finance.Don’t Wait Up,”83.克林顿总统和其他亚太经济合作组织领导人在1997年11月温哥华会议上临时宣布成立二十二国集团。它是一个财长和央行行长集团,旨在推进全球金融结构改革。其创始成员是各国财政部长和中央银行行长,来自七国集团国家和十五个新兴市场国家与地区(译者加)(阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、中国、法国、德国、中国香港特别行政区、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、韩国、马来西亚、墨西哥、波兰、俄罗斯、新加坡、南非、泰国、英国和美国)。后来演变成三十三国集团以及后来的二十国集团。参见“ A Guide to Fund Committees,Groups and Clubs.”
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(45)“APEC’s Family Feud,”The Economist,21 November 1998,41.
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(46)杰弗里·萨克斯提议成立十六国集团,由八国集团和“来自发展中世界的八个对等国家”组成。该集团“并不旨在谋求世界的支配权,而旨在从全新的、真诚的对话出发,设立各项标准。”Sachs,“Making it work,”The Economist,12 September 1998,U.S.edition,23;杰弗里·加藤提议成立十五国集团(八国集团加七),旨在监管新的全球中央银行的活动。Garten,“Needed:A Fed For the World.”
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(47)Chote,“A World in the Woods,”20.
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1703230691
(48)Keohane and Nye,“Transgovernmental Relations,”51.
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(49)关于这些协议的详细探讨可参见Slaughter,“Governing the Global Economy.”
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(50)“About Fincen/Overview,”on the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network homepage(cited 31 May 2003);网址:http://fincen.gov/af_overview.html.
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1703230697
(51)“International/Training and Technical Assistance,”on the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network homepage(cited 31 May 2003);网址:http://www.fincen.gov/int_wwoc.html.
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(52)“International/Egmont Group/FIUs,”on the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network homepage(cited 31 May 2003),网址:http://www.fincen.gov/int_fius.html.
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(53)“The Egmont Group,”the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network homepage(cited 31 May 2003),网址:http://www.fincen.gov/int_egmont.html.
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(54)中亚安全和建立互信会议及互动成员国包括阿富汗、阿塞拜疆、中国、埃及、印度、伊朗、以色列、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、巴基斯坦、巴勒斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其和乌兹别克斯坦。详细信息参见“CICA:The Road to Security in Asia,”on the Embassy of Kazakhstan in the United States homepage(cited 4 June 2003);网址:http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/CICA_Security_in_Asia.html.
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(55)Dehousse,“Regulation by Networks in the European Community,”259.
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(56)Ibid.
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(57)Jacobs,“Why Governments Must Work Together,”18;Regulatory Co-Operation for an Interdependent World,15-38,18.
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(58)Bergsten,“American and Europe:Clash of Titans?”33.
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(59)Portnoy,“Convergence and Diversity in Antitrust Globalization,”unpublished manuscript presented at the Program on International Politics,Economics,and Security(PIPES),University of Chicago,January 1999,22.
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