打字猴:1.70323163e+09
1703231630 但总的来说,这些对不同类型立法网络的评估提出了一个更为根本的问题:立法网络作为一个分解世界秩序中全球治理大构想的一部分应该做什么?它们应该怎样组织起来:通过已经存在的国际组织或是通过独立的专门网络?它们应该由现有议会的成员组成,还是应普选产生作为派往这些网络的代表,就像欧洲议会一样?应该采用什么尺度对它们的成功进行评估?由于大多数不可能有直接的决策权——尽管欧洲议会是一个显著的例外——那么,又如何测定磋商、审议、社会化和信息交流的权力?
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1703231632 这些问题的回答不能孤立地从立法网络的研究中得出,需要对“政府网络的全球治理应该怎样”有一个更为综合的构想。立法的、司法的,以及监管的网络,既有水平网络也有垂直网络,必须相互匹配在一起。它也必须同传统国际组织共存。所有这些汇聚在一起就是下章的任务了。
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1703231634 (1)William Wallace,“Europe,the Necessary Partner,”18.
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1703231636 (2)Falk and Strauss,“Toward Global Parliament,”212.
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1703231638 (3)对于利益一致的一元民主和利益冲突的敌对民主的讨论,请参阅Mansbridge,Beyond Adversary Democracy。
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1703231640 (4)Ackerman,“The New Separation of Powers,”689.
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1703231642 (5)例如,国会授权加入WTO,条件是每到第五年重新授权。参见Goldstein and Martin,“Legalization,Trade Liberalization,and Domestic Politics:A Cautionary Note,”in 226;Jones and Clark,The Modalities of European Union Governance:New Institutionalist Explanations of Agri-Environmental Policy(discussing the role of subparliamentary policy networks and alliances within the EP)。
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1703231644 (6)有关NAA宗旨和设立问题的更简洁的概述,参见 “About the North Atlantic Assembly”at the opening of Cartwright et al.,The State of the Alliance 1986-1987:North Atlantic Assembly Report。
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1703231646 (7)Brumter,The North Atlantic Assembly.也可参见Lunn,“NATO’s Parliamentary Arm Helps Further the Aims of the Alliance,”8-11。
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1703231648 (8)NAA每年都发布政策建议报告。例如1995年10月版就包括了1995年5月在布达佩斯举行的春季会议达成的决议。报告号为AM 331,SA(95)17。
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1703231650 (9)例如,请参见 “NATO Parliamentary Assembly President Welcomes NATO Commitment on Enlargement,”NATO-PA Press Release,13 June 2001,on Nato Parliamentary homepage(cited 20 January 2003);可访问http://www.nato-pa.int/archivedpub/press/p010613a.asp。
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1703231652 (10)“Hungarian OSCE Observer Doubts that Elections Were ‘Free and Fair,’”The British Broadcasting Corporation,2 April 1998.
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1703231654 (11)“OSCE Parliamentary Assembly,”on OSCE homepage(cited 20 December 2002);可访问http://www.osce.org/pa/election.
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1703231656 (12)Aleksandr Potemkin,“Russians Abstain Over Belarus During Final Vote at OSCE’s Session in Warsaw,”ITAR-TASS News Agency,10 July 1997.
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1703231658 (13)“OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Session Ends in Romania”,Xinhua General News Service,10 July 2000.
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1703231660 (14)Standing Committee of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Declaration,“Security through Solidarity,”on OSCE homepage(cited 20 December 2002);可访问http://www.osce.org/pa/douments/declarations/files/sintra_declaration_09oct01.pdf。
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1703231662 (15)On Asean Inter-Parliamentary Organization(AIPO)homepage(cited 20 December 2002);可访问http://www.aipo.org/Bg_and History.htm。
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1703231664 (16)“ASEAN Politicians Agree to Compile AFTA Laws,”Straits Times Press,8 July 1995.
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1703231666 (17)“AIPO Moves Closer to Electronic Bulletin Board System,”Xinhua News Agency,20 September 1996.也可参见 “AIPO Should Improve Its Role,Says Harmoko,”ANTARA:Indonesian National News,24 October 1997.“AASEAN MPs Plan Computer Links to Forge Closer Ties,”Singapore Straits Times,23 September 1995.
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1703231668 (18)Derwin Pereira,“ASEAN Must Cooperate to Stabilize Financial Markets,”Singapore Straits Times,7 September 1997.2002年9月,AIPO成员聚在一起讨论了构建执行亚洲自由贸易协议和促进发展的一系列附加机制,但拒绝了印度尼西亚创立特别委员会以监督执行情况的提议。“ASEAN Parliamentary Group Session Closes in Vietnam,”BBC Monitoring:Voice of Vietnam,12 September 2002.
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1703231670 (19)参见 “AIPO New Bulletin,”on Asean Inter-Parliamentary Organization(AIPO)homepage(cited 20 January 2003);可访问http://www.aipo.org/AIPO_news.htm.这些所谓的对话伙伴均出席每年一次的AIPO大会。第23届大会于2002年在越南举行,澳大利亚、欧洲议会、新西兰和俄罗斯参与了进来。
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1703231672 (20)Gorius Aurore and Rivais Rafaele,“The Presidents of 15 Parliaments Appeal for the Abolition of the Death Penalty,”Le Monde,25 June 2001.
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1703231674 (21)Agence France Press,26 June 2001.
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1703231676 (22)“Weldon in Russia to Push Legislative Exchange Group,”Associated Press Political Service,20 November 1997.
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1703231678 (23)“Gingrich Seek to Create Defense Study Group with Russian Duma,”Defense Daily,28 February 1996.
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