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(18)Ibid.,lx.
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(19)北欧理事会和北欧部长理事会建有一个信息量非常大的网站(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.norden.org。
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(20)Ibid.
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(21)“2000 Detailed Agenda,”on The Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.norden.org。
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(22)Ibid.
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(23)“Nordic Council:Facts on Nordic Co-operation,”on The Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.norden.org/faktab/uk/nr_generel.pdf。
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(24)“1787年宪法所采取的分权原则不是为了提高政府效能,而是为了阻止独裁权力的产生。其目的不是为了避免摩擦,而是企图通过把政府权力分配给三个不同部门所必然引起的摩擦,使人们免受独裁统治。”“迈尔斯诉美国案”(Myers v.United states),272 U.S.52,293,47 S.Ct.21,85,71L.Ed.160(1926)。认识到加之于北欧体系的这些限制,一北欧智囊团曾提议选举一个独立发言人,在国际论坛上就北欧各国完全同意的领域代表北欧观点。参见“Nordic Council Session 2000,”on The Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.norden.org/session2000uk/index.html.
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(25)为了保留这些授权,北欧体系做了如下努力:同属于欧盟成员的北欧部长理事会成员国试图终止对欧盟航运业的援助;试图提出鱼产品标志的“北欧标准”,以替代欧盟标准。参见“Swedish Investigators to Develop Nordic Shipping Policy,”Nordic Business Report,7 November 2001;“Nordic Fish Retailers Want to Create Nordic Rules for Fresh Fish,”Nordic Business Report,10 June 2002;Recommendation 24/2001,6th Extraordinary Session of the Nordic Council,26 June 2001,on The Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.norden.org/session2001/dokument/uk/rekiste_eng.pdf。
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(26)“APEC Brochure 2001,”on Asia-pacific Cooperation homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec_organization/brochure2001.html。
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(27)Ibid.
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(28)Ibid.
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(29)Ibid.
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(30)Kahler,“Legalization as strategy:the Asia-pacific Case,”174.“APEC坚决保留了非法定性;其成员国几乎没意愿将APEC正式化,使涉及一系列既定经济或贸易等实质性问题的协议具有法律约束力。他们也不想成立一个区域机构,具有制定规则、解释、执行和判决等权力。”
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(31)Goldstein and Martin,“Legalization,Trade Liberalization,and Domestic Politics:A Cautionary Note,”219-248.
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(32)Ibid.
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(33)APEC成员有:澳大利亚、文莱达鲁萨兰国、加拿大、智利、中国(中华人民共和国)、中国香港(具有会员身份,但与中国的会员身份相区别)、印度尼西亚、日本、韩国、马来西亚、墨西哥、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、秘鲁、菲律宾、俄罗斯、新加坡、中国台湾(具有完全会员身份,但与中国的会员身份相区别)、泰国、美国和越南。参见“Question and Answer,”on Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.apecsec.org.sg/loadall.htm。http://www.apecsec.org.sg/govtproc/gphome.html.
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(34)“APEC Brochure 2001.”
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(35)Ibid.
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(36)Ibid.
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(37)Ibid.[APEC部长寻求与WTO的非APEC成员国达成一项部门自愿提前自由化(EVSL)协议,对这一决定APEC领导人也表示了欢迎。]
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(38)Ibid.
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(39)参见“OECD:About,”on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development homepage(cited 23 June 2003);网址:http://www.oecd.org/EN/about/0,EN-about-0-nodirectorate-no-no-no-0,00.html。
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(40)参见e.g.,James,“Twenty-First Century Pirates Of The Caribbean:How The Organization For Economic Cooperation and Development Robbed Fourteen Caricom Countries Of Their Tax And Economic Policy Sovereignty,”29-30;“Convention On Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions,OECD/DAFFE/IMF/BR(97)16/FINAL 18 Dec.1997,”International Legal Materials 37(1998):1;S.Treaty Doc.No.105-143,entered into force for the United states 15 Feb.1999(“OECD Convention”).
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(41)参见 Global Corporate Governance Forum homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.gcgf.org/;“The OECD Guideline for Multinational Enterprises,”on The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development homepage(cited 22 June 2003);网址:http://www.oecd.org/pdf/M000015000/M00015419.pdf。
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(42)Howell,“The Place of the Commonwealth in the International Order,”30.
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