打字猴:1.70323213e+09
1703232130 (50)Prosecutor v.Dusko Tadic,Decision on Defense Motion For Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction,2 October1995,Case#1T-94-1-I,Paras,56-58.
1703232131
1703232132 (51)参见 Lessing,“Introduction(Feature:Making sense of the Hague Tribunal)”73。(尽管该法庭可能声称某一原则的重要性,其仍是维和进程中司法机构服务于政治目的最为突出的例证。)相反的观点,参见Teitel,“Judgment at the Hague,”81。(该法庭的重要性就在于确保在无政府状态下非常时期采取负责任的措施,并且,国内司法在解决种族迫害问题上的失败,赋予了国际刑事法庭合法性);Vojin Dimitrijevic,“The War Crimes Tribunal in the Yugoslav Context,”89-90(文中指出当国际法未能弥补国内司法体系的失败,而任由罪犯逍遥法外的危害)。
1703232133
1703232134 (52)Bassiouni,The International Criminal Court:Observations and Issues Before the 1997-98 Preparatory Committee;and Administrative and Financial Implications.
1703232135
1703232136 (53)General Council of the Bar of South Africa,All-Party Support for International Criminal Court,(文中指出阿尔布尔主张降低《罗马规约》所规定的国家法院优先权,大力赞成“并行管辖权,在调查阶段国家法院和国际刑事法院不存在优先权问题。”)Ed Vulliamy,“Why We Still Need a Nuremberg Court,”The Guardian,5 August 1997(文中援引前南国际法庭庭长加布里埃尔·柯克·麦克唐纳的观点,坚决主张国际刑事法庭对国家法院拥有优先管辖权)。Brown,“Primacy or Complementarity:Reconciling the Jurisdiction of National Courts and International Criminal Tribunals,”403(文中援引理查德·戈德斯通的观点,指出国际法庭是“用于审判这些被控参与灭绝种族等罪行重犯的唯一专属法庭”)。
1703232137
1703232138 (54)关于“补充性”历史由来,参见EL Zeidy,“The Principle of Complementarity:A New Mechanism to Implement International Criminal Law,”869(文中指出该原则首次出现于1943年国际刑事法院规约草案中)。从谈判者角度看“补充性”,参见Scheffer,“Fourteenth Waldemar A.Solf Lecture in International Law:A Negotiator’s Perspective on International Criminal Court,”1.对罗马会议上关于“补充性”谈判的详尽分析参见Kim,“The Preconditions to the Exercise of the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court:With Focus on Article 12 of the Rome Statue,”47。其他关于“补充性”的讨论,参见Bleich,“Cooperation with National Systems,”245(指出,关于该法院和国家司法体系合作的一系列条款,涉及国家提供积极的司法援助,以促进该法院更好地行使管辖权。同时,这些条款寻求最大程度地依靠正式政府机关与该法院自愿达成合作)。提交给筹备委员会的关于国际法委员会(ILC)草案的国际法协会(ILA)报告,可能对国家主权的关注最为敏感:“虽然至少有一部分该委员会(ILA)成员相信超国家主义是不可避免的……但是作为一个整体,该委员会理解国家维护他们刑事司法体系以及主权完整等方面的正当关切。”Wexler,“Committee Report on Jurisdiction,Definition of Crimes and Complementarity,”230.
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1703232140 (55)对“补充性”作为调整国家和国际法院管辖权限方式所发挥的更为广泛作用的讨论,参见Burke_White,“A Community of Courts:Toward a System of International Criminal Law Enforcement,”92-93(文中主张,在有全球意义或已存在新的法律判例的案件中,按照“补充性”原则,国家法院应服从国际法院)。
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1703232142 (56)Council Regulation(EC)No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002.参见Europa homepage(cited 23 June 2003);网址http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/citizen/citizen_antitrust.html#role。(阐述了竞争法的“根本性变革”,即“成员国竞争管理部门和法院更为直接地适用共同体竞争法规。”)也可参见,Press Release,Landmark Reform Simplifies and Strengthens Antitrust Enforcement,IP/02/1739。
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1703232144 (57)与世界知识产权组织(WIPO)相关的一个网络是斯德哥尔摩集团,该网络“成立于1996年,一批来自工业国家的决策者希望成立一个非正式论坛,讨论多媒体产品和数据库的版权保护问题,即1996年12月召开的世界知识产权组织外交会议上有待解决的两大问题。”他们继而定期举行会晤讨论WIPO相关问题。Cheek,“The Limits of International Regulatory Cooperation in International Affairs:A Review of the Global Intellectual Property Regime,”313-314.
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1703232146 (58)“North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation,”U.S._Can._Mex.,32 International Legal Materials 32(14 September 1993):1480.
1703232147
1703232148 (59)下文对《北美环境合作协定》的讨论以富尔顿(Fulton)和斯珀林(Sperling)的文献为基础,“The Network of Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Cooperation in North America and the Western Hemisphere.”作者分别是美国环保署(EPA)的副首席法律顾问和高级律师顾问。
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1703232150 (60)Ibid.,128.
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1703232152 (61)North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation,arts.8,9.
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1703232154 (62)Ibid.,5(1).
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1703232156 (63)Ibid.,arts.5(2),5(3).
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1703232158 (64)参见Fulton and Sperling “The Network of Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Cooperation,”129。
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1703232160 (65)Ibid.,131.
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1703232162 (66)North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation,arts.10(6).
1703232163
1703232164 (67)Swan,“NAFTA and the Juridification of Economic Relations in the Western Hemisphere.”
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1703232166 (68)Alan C.Swan,letter to author,25 July 1997.(On file with author.)
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1703232168 (69)“协调”作为共同体干预各国政策的主要手段,是为谋求统一欧共体成员国实体法规的立法行为。Dehousse,“Regulation by Networks in the European Community:The Role of European Agencies,”247-249.
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1703232170 (70)Ibid.
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1703232172 (71)Ibid.,249.
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1703232174 (72)Ibid.,249-251.
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1703232176 (73)Ibid.,254.
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1703232178 (74)Ibid.,255.“信息机构”是借用德乌斯的术语,他用该术语意指在欧盟出现的新一代机构。描述国际组织秘书处时,这一术语不常用,但名称上相通。
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