1703233340
(46)Ibid.,89.
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(47)Mike Moore,“Promoting Openness,Fairness and Predictability in International Trade for the Benefit of Humanity,”2001年6月8日在各国议会联盟针对国际贸易而召开的会议上所作的发言,on World Trade Organization homegape(cited 1 July 2003);available from http://www.wto.org/french/news_f/spmm_f/spmm64_f.htm.
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(48)Annan,We the People,70.
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(49)Reinicke and Deng,Critical Choices:the United Nations,Networks and the Future of Global Governance.
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(50)Reinicke,“The Other World Wide Web.”
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(51)See Koch,“Judicial Review and Global Federalism,”491.
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(52)See the “Symposium on Global Administrative Law”;see also Aman,“Administrative Law for a New Century.”
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(53)“American Bar Association House of Delegates Recommendation no.107C,Harmonization Recommendation(August 2001),”on American Bar Association homepage(cited 1 July 2003);available from http://www.abanet.org/leadeship/2001/107c.pdf.,para.(2).
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(54)Petersmann,“Constitutionalism and International Organizations,”398;idem,“Constitutionalism and International Adjudication:How to Constitutionalize the U.N.Dispute Settlement System?”753.
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(55)Ignatieff,Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry,4.
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(56)Ibid.,94.
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(57)Ibid.,94-95.
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(58)“Notes for and address by the Honourable Paul Martin,to the Royal Institute of International Affairs.”
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(59)Cohen,“Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy,”74.
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(60)Loucks v.Standard Oil Co.,120 N.E.198,201(N.Y.1918).
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(61)宪法要求每个州都给予彼此之间的法案条款以充分的信任与尊重。U.S.CONST.art.IV,§1,cl.1.这是联邦主义将各州融合到一个更大的政体之中的基本手段。
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(62)Laker Airways Ltd.V.Sabena,Belgian World Airlines 731 F.2d 909(D.C.Cir.1984).
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(63)In re Matter of Oil Spill by the Amoco Cadiz Off the Coast of France on 16 March 1978,954 F.2d 1279,1312-1313(7th Cir.1992)(per curiam).The Chevron doctrine was set forth in Chevron U.S.A.inc.v.Natural Resources Defence Council,Inc.,467 U.S.837,844(1984)(它主张,“法庭不能用政府行政人员的合理解释来代替一个法律条款自身的解释。我们早就认识到,应该给予行政部门对它有权解释的那部分法律体系的看法以相当的重视。”)
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(64)Omron Healthcare,Inc.v.Maclaren Exports Ltd.,28 F.3d 600,604(7th Cir.1994).
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(65)Kalypso Nicola?dis,“Mutual Recognition of Regulatory Regimes:Some Lessons and Prospects,”(Jean Monnet Working Paper No.97/7,New York University School of Law,Jean Monnet Center,1997),on Jean Monnet Program homepage(cited 1 July 2003);available from http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/97/97-07.html.
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(66)在1979年的Cassis de Dijon案件判决中,德国当局被要求尊重法国的酒精标准,在这之后,欧盟委员会公布了“相互信任”原则:如果一种商品在某一国家允许销售的话,其他国家应该对第一个国家的判断抱有信心,也允许这种商品的销售。Case 120/78,Rewe-Zentral AG v.Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branntwein,E.C.R.649(1979).这一概念对建设一体化内部市场起到了非常大的促进作用。它已经被应用到教育文凭也要相互承认,因此一个欧盟国家的专业人才现在可以很自由地到另外一国实习,而无需重复接受教育。Council Directive 75/362,1975 O.J.(L 167/1);Council Directive 89/48,1989 O.J.(L 19/16).另外,这也被应用到银行监管中,外国银行的分行现在并不是由所在国进行监督,而是由主行所在国当局或是母国来进行监督。这一方法反映了每个欧盟国家都给予别国银行监管能力以相当高程度的“相互信任”。See Second Council Directive 89/646 on credit institutions,1989 O.J.(L 386/1).
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(67)159 U.S.113,163-164(1895).
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(68)从美国诉阿尔肯铝业有限公司的案件开始(阿尔肯铝业有限公司是一家加拿大公司——译者注),《谢尔曼法案》对于能对美国贸易与商业产生直接的、实质性的并且可预见效果的外国行为体也适用。148 F.2d 416,440-445(2d Cir.1945)。这一管辖权带来的直接后果是造成了美国与其他国家关系的紧张,其他国家认为美国没有权力对既不在美国,且其行为也在美国领土之外的人实施管辖权。那些国家与利益受到美国反垄断法影响的政府,提出了外交抗议与非当事人意见陈述,拒绝提供援助,实施国家保密法律,并且逐渐开始通过一些旨在挫败美国反垄断法执行的阻塞型法律。Waller,“National Laws and International Markets;Strategies of Cooperation and Harmonization in the Enforcement of Competition Law,”1113-1114;see also Paul,“Comity in International Law,”32;Griffin,“EC and U.S.Extraterritoriality:Activism and Cooperation,”377.
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(69)Waller,“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”375.到1988年,司法部声明它只会反对国外那些直接伤害美国消费者的反竞争行为。Shank,“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy:Toward A ‘Positive Comity’Solution to International Competition Problem?”165.
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(70)Charles F.Rule,“European Communities-United States Agreement on the Application of their Competition Laws Introductory Note,”1487,1488.美国与德国在1976年签署了一个相似的协议。See Snell,“Controlling Restrictive Business Practices in Global Markets:Reflections on the Concepts of Sovereignty,Fairness,and Comity,”234.
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