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(67)159 U.S.113，163-164（1895）.
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(68)从美国诉阿尔肯铝业有限公司的案件开始（阿尔肯铝业有限公司是一家加拿大公司——译者注），《谢尔曼法案》对于能对美国贸易与商业产生直接的、实质性的并且可预见效果的外国行为体也适用。148 F.2d 416，440-445（2d Cir.1945）。这一管辖权带来的直接后果是造成了美国与其他国家关系的紧张，其他国家认为美国没有权力对既不在美国，且其行为也在美国领土之外的人实施管辖权。那些国家与利益受到美国反垄断法影响的政府，提出了外交抗议与非当事人意见陈述，拒绝提供援助，实施国家保密法律，并且逐渐开始通过一些旨在挫败美国反垄断法执行的阻塞型法律。Waller，“National Laws and International Markets；Strategies of Cooperation and Harmonization in the Enforcement of Competition Law,”1113-1114；see also Paul，“Comity in International Law,”32；Griffin，“EC and U.S.Extraterritoriality：Activism and Cooperation,”377.
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(69)Waller，“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”375.到1988年，司法部声明它只会反对国外那些直接伤害美国消费者的反竞争行为。Shank，“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy：Toward A ‘Positive Comity’Solution to International Competition Problem?”165.
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(70)Charles F.Rule，“European Communities-United States Agreement on the Application of their Competition Laws Introductory Note,”1487，1488.美国与德国在1976年签署了一个相似的协议。See Snell，“Controlling Restrictive Business Practices in Global Markets：Reflections on the Concepts of Sovereignty，Fairness，and Comity,”234.
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(71)自从签署了1984年协议之后，再报道加拿大联邦阻塞性法律就没有用。See Waller，“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”368.
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(72)在过去的五年里，美国与加拿大反垄断机构之间展开合作共同起诉过传真纸与塑料餐具。See Stark，“International Antitrust Cooperation in NAFTA：The International Antitrust Assistance Act of 1994,”171-172.
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(73)Nina Hachigian，“Essential Mutual Assistance in International Antitrust Enforcement,”138.反垄断合作已经发展为多边规模了。经合组织（OECD）在国家竞争性政策方面的官员中定期举办协商会议，并且起草了一份关于反垄断合作的建议案，鼓励“在自愿的基础上进行通告、信息交流、协调行动、咨询协商与调解。”See Waller，“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”362-363.引用“Revised Recommendation of the Council Concerning Co-operation Between Member Countries on Anticompetitive Practices Affecting International Trade,”International Legal Materials 35（1996）：1315-1317.最近，号称“国际反垄断法规工作组”的十二人专家小组提出建议：采用一套国际反垄断法规作为关贸总协定之下的多边贸易协定。根据这套法规，会成立一个国际反垄断当局，它由一位主席和一个国际反垄断理事会组成，以确保签约各方遵守法规。See Shank，“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy,”186.
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(74)See “Agreement Regarding the Application of Competition Laws，23 Sept.1991，E.C.-U.S.,”International Legal Materials 30（1991）：1491.
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(75)Ibid.，1056-1059.
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(76)See Griffin，“EC and U.S.Extraterritoriality,”376.
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(77)Atwood，“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”，84.
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(78)See Rule，“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1488.
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(79)See Atwood，“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”84.
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(80)See Rule，“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1487.
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(81)Griffin，“EC/U.S.Antitrust Cooperation Agreement：Impact on Transnational Business,”1063.
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(82)See generally Klein and Bansal，“International Antitrust Enforcement in the Computer Industry,”179.
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(83)See Rule，“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1490.这一效率的提高也证明它对商业本身是有吸引力的。在美国诉微软公司案件中，当意识到美国司法部与欧洲委员会都在调查它的授权行为时，微软公司同意在美国反垄断法规定之下放弃它的保密权，允许美欧当局交换一些机密信息。See Shank，“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy,”179.
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(84)Janow，“Transatlantic Cooperation on Competition Policy,”51.
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(85)Ibid.
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(86)See Atwood，“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”87.
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(87)Ibid.
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(88)Ibid.，88.
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(89)See Waller，“National Laws and International Markets,”1125.
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(90)See Atwood，“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”88.
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(91)Shapiro，Federalism：A Dialogue，108.
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