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继古希腊之后，我们引入了一个相似的类比。所以，问题不在于中国、美国或其他任何国家对全球秩序的支持和维护是出于利己还是利他。这是一个毫无意义的二元问题。我们不如探究一下，这些国家的领导人是如何界定利益的。他们会为了追求短期利益而牺牲长期利益吗（例如，美国在国外大举外债）？或者，他们在行动时是否意识到，自身持久的物质和安全利益已经得到了其赖以维系的全球秩序和规范的最好的支持？这种对利益的理解才是更长远的、更开明、更成熟的，它会引导我们的分析及政策建言。
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议程设置、监管和赞助的职能在一定程度上是相互重叠的。凡是履行这些职能的国家，都会因此获得优势，并使整个共同体受益。履行这些职能需要协商、谈判，并达成共识，也反映出强国之间为了获得影响力而展开的竞争与争夺。我们并未建议在全球体系中进行劳动分工，事实上也不应该如此。履行这些职能的决策取决于文化观念、国内政治和国家自利的考量。在一定范围内，强大的行为体通常会尽可能地展示其影响力。在一定程度上，这取决于强大行为体的资源、它们构建的优先次序，以及它们在其他行为体眼中的合法性。此外，强大的行为体还会受到国内、国际层面的限制与机遇的影响。
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现在，让我们转向具体的选择——或者说，有关选择的辩论，涉及欧洲（包括欧盟）、中国和美国。我们会发现，这些职能在多大程度上能分布于全球，使国家通过物质权力与社会权力的不同组合，为秩序与混乱创造出新的可能。当美国第一次试图负起责任却失败的时候，这种情况是预料中的，不能简单地把美国的选择归因于权力的损失。这个过程也反映出其他政治单位日益增长的权力，它们有志于在世界事务中发挥更重要的作用，同时也意识到，几乎所有的国家目标（包括福祉）都取决于一个有序的国际体系。
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[1]Hans J.Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946); Hans J.Morgenthau, Truth and Power: Essays of a Decade, 1960—1970 (New York: Praeger, 1970): 14—15; Robert J.Myers, “Hans J.Morgenthau: On Speaking Truth to Powers,” Society 29, no.2 (1992): 65—71.
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[2]Stephen G.Brooks and William C.Wohlforth, World out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
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[3]Robert Jervis, “The Remaking of a Unipolar World,” Washington Quarterly 29, no.3 (2006): 7—19.
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[4]Carla Norrlof, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010): 19—21.
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[5]Christopher M.Dent, “Regional Leadership in East Asia: Towards New Analytical Approaches,” in Christopher M.Dent, ed., China, Japan and Regional Leadership in East Asia (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 2008), 275—304; Brooks and Wohlforth, World out of Balance, 28.有关批评的意见，参见Lavina R.Lee, US Hegemony and International Legitimacy: Norms, Power and Followership in the Wars in Iraq (London: Routledge, 2010); Ian Clark, Hegemony in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)。
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[6]Roger Simon, Gramsci’s Political Thought: An Introduction (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982); Mark Haugard, “Power as Hegemony in Social Theory,” in Mark Hau-gard and Howard H. Lentner, eds., Hegemony and Power: Consensus and Coercion in Con-temporary Politics (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2006), 50; Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 283—284; Clark, Hegemony in International Society, 18—23.
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[7]Simon, Gramsci’s Political Thought, 21.
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[8]Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics, 283—284; Ian Hurd, “Making and Breaking Norms: American Revisionism and Crises of Legitimacy,” International Politics 44, nos. 2—3 (2007): 194—213; Clark, Hegemony in International Society, 23—28.
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[9]John G.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2001), 40; Christopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 11—12.
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[10]Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics, 283—284; Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Hurd, “Making and Breaking Norms”; Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Clark,Hegemony in International Society, 23—28.
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[11]Robert O.Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the Modern World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 31;参见David A.Lake, “Leadership, Hegemony, and the International Economy: Naked Emperor or Tattered Monarch with Potential?” International Studies Quarterly 37, no.4 (1993): 459—489,尤其是第480页。
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[12]Keohane, After Hegemony, 39—40.
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[13]Ibid., 136.
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[14]G.John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 2.
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[15]Ibid.
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[16]Ibid., 3.
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[17]Ibid., 6, 8.
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[18]Ibid., 2—10.
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[19]Joseph S.Nye Jr., “The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective,” Foreign Affairs 89, no.6 (2010): 3.
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[20]Ibid.
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[21]Ibid.
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[22]George Friedman, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Martins, 1991).
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