1703249210

1703249211 [4]Trip Gabiel and Peter Baker, “Romney and Obama Resume Economic Attacks, Despite a Few Diversions,” New York Times, 17 July 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/us/politics/romney-and-obama-resume-economic-attacks.html?_r=1 (accessed 17 July 2012).

1703249212

1703249213 [5]Philippe Sands, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR’s Atlantic Charter to George W.Bush’s Illegal War (New York: Viking, 2005).

1703249214

1703249215 [6]参见William C.Wohlforth, “The Stability of a Unipolar World,” International Security 24, no.1 (1999):5—41, especially 7—8。

1703249216

1703249217 [7]John J.Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War,” International Security 15, no.1 (1990):5—56.

1703249218

1703249219 [8]Kagan, “Power and Weakness.”有关自由主义的不同观点，参见G.John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), G.John Ikenberry, “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs 81, no.5 (2002):44—60,特别是第46, 49, 53页。

1703249220

1703249221 [9]Doug Bandow, “The Continent without a Military,” Cato Institute, 25 February 2013, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/continent-without-military (accessed 3 March 2013).

1703249222

1703249223 [10]2010年，美国的开支达到了6 982.81亿美元。至2011年，美国的开支增加至7 114.21亿美元。“The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database,” http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4 (accessed 2 February 2013)。

1703249224

1703249225 [11]Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “Appendix 4A: Military Expenditure Data, 2001—2010,” SIPRI Yearbook, http://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-44.xml; http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2012/04 (accessed 2 February 2013).

1703249226

1703249227 [12]Ibid.

1703249228

1703249229 [13]Ted Galen Carpenter and Marian L.Tupy, “US Defense Spending Subsidizes European Free-Riding Welfare States,” Daily Caller, 12 July 2010, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/us-defense-spending-subsidizes-european-freeriding-welfare-states (accessed 2 February 2013); “Gates Assails NATO over Willingness to Share Costs,” International Herald Tribune, 11—12 June 2011; Stephen M.Walt, “Why Bob Gates Needs a Course in IR Theory,” Economist, 25 February 2010, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/02/25/can_you_say_free_rider_problem (accessed 2 February 2010).

1703249230

1703249231 [14]Hans J.Morgenthau, The Purpose of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1960).

1703249232

1703249233 [15]John J.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2001).

1703249234

1703249235 [16]“Public Opinion in the European Union,” Eurobarometer 74 (2011):15.

1703249236

1703249237 [17]Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia, Frontiers of Fear (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012), 28, table 1.

1703249238

1703249239 [18]部分现实主义者表示同意。参见Stephen Van Evera, “Primed for Peace: Europe after the Cold War,” International Security 15, no.3 (1990—1991):7—57,特别是第18—29页。

1703249240

1703249241 [19]Andrei S.Markovits and Simon Reich, The German Predicament: Memory and Power in the New Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).

1703249242

1703249243 [20]Ian Manners, “The Normative Ethics of the European Union,” International Affairs 84, no.1 (2008):45—60; Richard G.Whitman, “Norms, Power and Europe: A New Agenda for the Study of the EU and International Relations,” in Richard Whitman, ed., Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave, 2011), 1—24.有关现实主义者的批判，参见Adrian Hyde-Price, “‘Normative’ Power Europe: A Realist Critique,” Journal of European Public Policy 13, no.2 (2006):217—234; Adrian Hyde-Price, “A ‘Tragic Actor’? A Realist Perspective on Ethical Power Europe,” International Affairs 84, no.1 (2008):29—44。

1703249244

1703249245 [21]“Europe Less, China More Popular in global BBC poll,” 11 May 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18038304 (accessed 25 May 2012); European Commission, “Public Opinion,” http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm (accessed 23 July 2012).

1703249246

1703249247 [22]Andrei S.Markovits and Simon Reich, The German Predicament; “BBC Poll: Germany the Most Popular Country in the World,” 23 May 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104 (accessed 29 May 2013).

1703249248

1703249249 [23]See Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), chap. 9.

1703249250

1703249251 [24]See Simon Reich, Global Norms, American Sponsorship and the Emerging Pattern of World Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2010), 50—62.

1703249252

1703249253 [25]Ian Manners, “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no.2 (2002):235—258; Manners, “The Normative Ethics of the European Union”; Whitman, “Norms, Power and Europe.”

1703249254

1703249255 [26]Arlo Poletti and Daniela Sicurelli, “The EU as Promoter of Environmental Norms in the Doha Round,” West European Politics 35, no.4 (2012):911—932; Richard Youngs, “Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU’s External Identity,” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no.2 (2004):415—435; Charles Parker, and Christer Karlsson, “Climate Change and the European Union’s Leadership Moment: An Inconvenient Truth?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no.4 (2010):923—943; Richard Black, “US Criticized on 2C Climate ‘Flexibility’ Call,” 7 August 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19161799 (accessed 17 August 2012). Karen E.Smith, “The Limits of Proactive Cosmopolitanism: The EU and Burma, Cuba and Zimbabwe,” in Ole Elgström and Michael Smith, eds., The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis (Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2006), 155—171; Karen E.Smith, “Speaking with One Voice? European Union Coordination on Human Rights Issues at the United Nations,” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 44, no.1 (2006):113—137.

1703249256

1703249257 [27]Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, The Responsibility to Protect: A Report by the International Commission of Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2001). http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf (accessed 3 July 2012).

1703249258

1703249259 [28]Simon Reich, “When Firms Behave ‘Responsibly,’ Are the Roots National or Global?” International Social Science Journal 57, no.3 (2005):289—308.

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