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1703293073
Arend Lijphart, eds., Parlimentary Versus Presidential Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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1703293075
David M. Farrell, Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction, 2nd edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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[1]韦伯论述官僚制的相关内容，参见马克斯·韦伯：《马克斯·韦伯社会学文集》，阎克文译，北京：人民出版社2010年版，第188—230页。
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[2]关于三种政府形式的主要特征，参见Matthew Soberg Shugart,“Comparative Executive-Legislative Relations,”in R.A.W. Rhodes, Sarah A. Binder and Bert A. Rockman, The Oxford Handbook of Political Instituions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp.344-365。
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1703293081
[3]沃尔特·白芝浩：《英国宪法》，夏彦才译，北京：商务印书馆2005年版，第42—43页。
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[4]Juan J. Linz,“The Perils of Presidentialism,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.1, No.1, Winter 1990, pp.51-69; Juan J.Linz,“The Virtues of Parliamentarism,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.1, No.4, Fall 1990, pp.84-91.
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1703293085
[5]Jose Antonio Cheibub, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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1703293087
[6]Donald L. Horowitz,“Comparing Democratic Systems,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.1, No.4（1990）, pp.73-79.
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1703293089
[7]Scott Mainwaring,“Presidentialism, Multiparty Systems, and Democracy: the Difficult Equation,”working paper, Notre Dame: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1990.
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1703293091
[8]Jose Antonio Cheibub, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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1703293093
[9]Robert Elgie, Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types and Democratic Performance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
1703293094
1703293095
[10]罗纳德·英格尔哈特：《发达工业社会的文化转型》，张秀琴译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2013年版。
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[11]关于主要的投票理论模型，参见Ken Newton and Jan W. Van Deth, Foundations of Comparative Politics: Democracies in the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.200-220。
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[12]关于选举制度的简要知识，参见安德鲁·海伍德：《政治学》（第二版），张立鹏译，北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版，第277—282页；较为全面的研究，参见David M. Farrell, Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction, 2nd edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011。
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[13]Donald L. Horowitz,“Democracy in Divided Societies,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.4, No.4（Oct.1993）, pp.18-38.
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1703293103
[14]Maurice Duverger,“Duverger’s Law: Forty Years Later,”in Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, ed., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, New York: Agathon Press, 1986, pp.69-84.
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[15]Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1978, pp.206-280.
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1703293107
[16]阿伦·利普哈特：《民主的模式：36个国家的政府形式与政府绩效》，陈崎译，北京：北京大学出版社2006年版。
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1703293109
[17]Joel Selway and Kharis Templeman,“The Myth of Consociationalism? Conflict Reduction in Divided Societies,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.45, No.12（2012）, pp.1542-1571.
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1703293111
[18]迈克尔·G.罗斯金等：《政治学与生活》（第12版），林震等译，北京：中国人民大学出版社2014年版，第194页。
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[19]关于政党功能，参见史蒂芬·E.弗兰泽奇：《技术年代的政党》，李秀梅译，北京：商务印书馆2010年版。
1703293114
1703293115
[20]G.萨托利：《政党与政党体制》，王明进译，北京：商务印书馆2006年版，第184—207页。
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[21]Markku Laakso and Rein Taagcpera,“‘Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe,”Comparative Political Studies, 12（1979）, pp.3-27.
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[22]这方面著述很多，请参考下面两篇论文及其引述的文献：Octavio Amorim Neto and Gary W.Cox，“Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of Parties，”American Journal of Political Science, Vol.41, No.1（Jan., 1997）, pp.149-174; Rein Taagepera,“The Number of Parties as a Function of Heterogeneity and Electoral System,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.32 No.5, August 1999, pp.531-548。
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[23]Michael Taylor and V.M.Herman,“Party Systems and Government Stability,”The American Political Science Review, Vol.65, No.1（Mar., 1971）, pp.28-37.
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