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[13]Donald L. Horowitz,“Democracy in Divided Societies,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.4, No.4(Oct.1993), pp.18-38.
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[14]Maurice Duverger,“Duverger’s Law: Forty Years Later,”in Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, ed., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, New York: Agathon Press, 1986, pp.69-84.
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[15]Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1978, pp.206-280.
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[16]阿伦·利普哈特:《民主的模式:36个国家的政府形式与政府绩效》,陈崎译,北京:北京大学出版社2006年版。
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1703293109
[17]Joel Selway and Kharis Templeman,“The Myth of Consociationalism? Conflict Reduction in Divided Societies,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.45, No.12(2012), pp.1542-1571.
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[18]迈克尔·G.罗斯金等:《政治学与生活》(第12版),林震等译,北京:中国人民大学出版社2014年版,第194页。
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[19]关于政党功能,参见史蒂芬·E.弗兰泽奇:《技术年代的政党》,李秀梅译,北京:商务印书馆2010年版。
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[20]G.萨托利:《政党与政党体制》,王明进译,北京:商务印书馆2006年版,第184—207页。
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[21]Markku Laakso and Rein Taagcpera,“‘Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe,”Comparative Political Studies, 12(1979), pp.3-27.
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[22]这方面著述很多,请参考下面两篇论文及其引述的文献:Octavio Amorim Neto and Gary W.Cox,“Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of Parties,”American Journal of Political Science, Vol.41, No.1(Jan., 1997), pp.149-174; Rein Taagepera,“The Number of Parties as a Function of Heterogeneity and Electoral System,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.32 No.5, August 1999, pp.531-548。
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[23]Michael Taylor and V.M.Herman,“Party Systems and Government Stability,”The American Political Science Review, Vol.65, No.1(Mar., 1971), pp.28-37.
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[24]G.萨托利:《政党与政党体制》,王明进译,北京:商务印书馆2006年版,第284—397页。
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1703293125
[25]阿伦·利普哈特:《民主的模式:36个国家的政府形式和政府绩效》,陈崎译,北京:北京大学出版社2006年版,第135—145页。
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[26]Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p.603.
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1703293129
[27]Lawrence M. Anderson,“Exploring the Paradox of Autonomy: Federalism and Secession in North America,”Regional and Federal Studies, vol.14, 2004, pp.89-112.
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1703293131
[28]罗伯特·达尔:《论民主》,李风华译,北京:中国人民大学出版社2012年版,第109—119页。
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[29]参见Benjamin Reilly, Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp.21-24。作者有这样的定义:“政治工程学”就是“对政治制度的有意设计以实现某些特定的具体目标”。
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[30]包刚升:《民主转型中的宪法工程学》,载于《开放时代》2014年第5期,第111—128页。
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[31]James G. March and Johan P. Olsen,“The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life,”The American Political Science Review, Vol.78, No.3(Sep., 1984), pp.734-749.
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1703293139
[32]Gary W. Cox,“Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems,”American Journal of Political Science, Vol.34, No.4(Nov., 1990), pp.903-935; Ernesto Calvo and Timothy Hellwig,“Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives under Different Electoral Systems,”American Journal of Political Science, Vol.55, No.1(Jan., 2011), pp.27-41.
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[33]Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton, The Endurance of National Constitutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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[34]Larry Diamond,“Three Paradoxes of Democracy,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.1, No.3, 1990, pp.48-60.
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[35]彼得·埃文斯、迪特里希·鲁施迈耶、西达·斯考切波:《找回国家》,方力维等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店2009年版。
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