打字猴:1.703333446e+09
1703333446
1703333447 20.Wei, Fang, and Su, 2014.
1703333448
1703333449 21.Atwell, 2002, 97.
1703333450
1703333451 22.McNally, 2014.
1703333452
1703333453 23.Atwell, 2002, 97.
1703333454
1703333455 24.Weatherford, 2009, 126.
1703333456
1703333457 25.Wallerstein 1974.
1703333458
1703333459 26.Patterson, 1972, 230. For England, see M. Allen, 2001.
1703333460
1703333461 27.Ehrenberg, 1985; Häberlein, 2012; Steinmetz, 2016.
1703333462
1703333463 28.Nef, 1941.
1703333464
1703333465 29.Vilar and White, 1976.
1703333466
1703333467 30.Day, 1978, 47; Ruggiero, 2015. 西北欧商品交易速度有了巨大提升,其明显之处在于白银远离威尼斯和但泽(今格丹斯克)并流向了安特卫普。参见:Munro, 2003,11。随着银条供应的增长以及交易速度的上升,货币的价格也随之下降。在1480~1520年的时间里,安特卫普的利率可能降了一半;意大利的利率也下降了,只不过降幅不大,大约为20%(Homer and Sylla, 1996, 142; 同时参见:Koenigsberger and Mosse, 1968, 50)。
1703333468
1703333469 31.Blanchard, 2001, 110–11.
1703333470
1703333471 32.Holborn, 1982, 72.
1703333472
1703333473 33.Agricola (1556), 1950, 8.
1703333474
1703333475 34.Westoby, 1989, 56. See also Birrell, 1987.
1703333476
1703333477 35.Blickle, 1981.
1703333478
1703333479 36.Ibid., 198–99.
1703333480
1703333481 37.Münzer, 1524, quoted in Marx, 2000, 68.
1703333482
1703333483 38.Braudel, 1972, 339, 388–89.
1703333484
1703333485 39.Epstein, 1996.
1703333486
1703333487 40.Lopez, 1964.
1703333488
1703333489 41.Braudel, 1972, 339.
1703333490
1703333491 42.Coles, 1957, 18.
1703333492
1703333493 43.Heers, 1961; Dotson and Agosto, 1998, 11.
1703333494
1703333495 44.Coles, 1957, 19.
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