打字猴:1.703356855e+09
1703356855 罗尔斯前后期提出的论证是否成功,并非本章关注所在,但我们至此应可明白,为什么稳定性问题和正当性有这样密切的关系。如果我的分析合理,我们遂可以对罗尔斯的理论有一个新的、更加一致也更有说服力的理解。例如我们可以明白罗尔斯为什么说,稳定性是政治哲学的重大问题,并因而理解他为什么要为这个问题而做出重大的哲学转向。我们亦知道,交叠共识真正关心的,其实不是社会秩序问题,而是道德证成问题,目的是论证即使在一个多元社会中,公民依然有充分的理由接受政治自由主义,并因此有充分的动机做个正义的人。
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1703356857 [1]John Rawls,Political Liberalism(New York: Columbia University Press,expanded edition,2005),p.xix.以下简称PL。
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1703356859 [2]PL,pp.xvii-xviii.
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1703356861 [3]罗尔斯会用comprehensive doctrine或comprehensive conception of the good来指涉人们相信的宗教观、世界观或人生观。一个价值体系是整全性的,当它“包括种种人生价值、个人品格理想,以及友谊、家庭和社群关系的理想,乃至包括其他更多的能指导我们行为,并限制我们整体人生的理想时,它便是整全性的。”PL,p.13.
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1703356863 [4]PL,p.xxxix.
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1703356865 [5]对于这几个重要概念的联系,可参考PL,pp.385-394。
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1703356867 [6]TJ,395/347 rev..罗尔斯曾说过,他认为《正义论》第三部分是整本书中最有原创性的,但却不明白为何这么少人对其做出评论。见Samuel Freeman,“Congruence and the Good of Justice”,in The Cambridge Companion to Rawls,ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2003),p. 308。
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1703356869 [7]例如在讨论罗尔斯的几本专书中,完全没有触及此问题,包括Brian Barry,The Liberal Theory of Justice(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973);Normal Daniels (ed.),Reading Rawls(Stanford,California: Stanford University Press,1975);☆omas Pogge,Realizing Rawls(Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1989);石元康,《罗尔斯》(桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004)。Chandran Kukathas和Philip Pettit的著作有注意到此问题,但却认为那主要是为了解决坐顺风车(free-riding)的问题,我认为这曲解了罗尔斯的意图。参见Rawls:A Theory of Justice and its Critics(Cambridge:Polity Press,1990)。而在《政治自由主义》出版后,对稳定性的讨论依然不多;即使有,也认为是次要的或衍生的问题,例如George Klosko,“Rawls’s Argument from Political Stability”,Columbia Law Review 94(1994),p.1890;Stephen Mulhall及Adam Swift亦持这种观点,参见Liberals and Communitarians(Oxford:Blackwell,2nd edition,1992),Chap. 5。就我所知,对此问题着力最多的,是罗尔斯的学生Samuel Freeman,见“Political Liberalism and the Possibility of a Just Democratic Constitution”,Chicago-Kent Law Review 69(1994),pp. 619-668;“Congruence and the Good of Justice”,in The Cambridge Companion to Rawls,pp.277-315。
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1703356871 [8]例如:Brian Barry,“John Rawls and the Search for Stability”,Ethics 105(1995),pp. 874-915; Jürgen Habermas,“Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason:Remarks on John Rawls’s Political Liberalism”,The Journal of Philosophy 92(1995),pp.109-131;G.A.Cohen,“Facts and Principles”,Philosophy and Public Affairs 31,no. 3,pp. 211-245; Jean Hampton,“Should Political Liberalism Be Done without Metaphysics? ”,Ethics 99,pp.791-814。
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1703356873 [9]对于国家作为特定疆界内,唯一的具有正当性使用武力的机构这一点,罗尔斯基本上跟从韦伯的定义。Max Weber,“Politics as a Vocation”,in From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology,ed.H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills (London: Routledge),p. 78.
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1703356875 [10]原文是:“In a constitutional regime the special feature of the political relation is that political power is ultimately the power of the public,that is,the power of free and equal citizens as a collective body.”PL,p.136.
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1703356877 [11]对于这几个重要概念的定义,可参见PL,Lectures I and II。
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1703356879 [12]PL,p.137.
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1703356881 [13]Rawls,Lectures on the History of Political Thought,p.13.
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1703356883 [14]Max Weber,Economy and Society,ed.G.Roth and C.Wittich(Berkeley and LA: University of California Press,1978),pp. 212-214.
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1703356885 [15]对于韦伯的观点的批评,可参考David Beetham,The Legitimation of Power(New York:Palgrave,1991),Chap.1;John H.Schaar,“Legitimacy in the Modern State”,in Legitimacy and the State,ed.William Connolly(New York: New York University Press,1984),pp. 104-133。
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1703356887 [16]西蒙斯对此有强烈批评,认为必须将证成和正当性两者做出清楚区分。A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001),pp. 122-157.
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1703356889 [17]康德的观点,见Immanuel Kant,Political Writings,ed.H.S.Reiss and H.B. Nesbit (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),p. 79。
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1703356891 [18]卢梭的契约论,也可被理解为这一类。Jean-Jacques Rousseau,The Social Contract and the Discourses,trans. G. D. H. Cole (London: Everyman’s Library,1973),pp. 257-265.
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1703356893 [19]沃德隆称前者为“自愿主义式”(voluntaristic)的契约论,后者为“理性主义式”(rationalistic)的契约论。Jeremy Waldron,Liberal Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1993),p. 51.
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1703356895 [20]西蒙斯对于这点有很锐利的观察。Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,p.147.
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1703356897 [21]Joseph Raz,“Introduction”,in Authority,ed.Joseph Raz(New York:New York University Press,1990),p. 5.
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1703356899 [22]罗尔斯基本上接受了沃德隆的观点。Waldron,Liberal Rights,pp.45-47;Rawls,Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy,p.15.
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1703356901 [23]Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,pp.131,142-145.对于这种将正当性和义务从概念上分开的讨论,可参考R. Ladenson,“In Defense of a Hobbesian Conception of Law”,in Authority,pp.32-55。
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1703356903 [24]对于这点,可参考Waldron,Liberal Rights,pp.35-62;William Connolly,“Introduction:Legitimacy and Modernity”,in Legitimacy and the State,pp.1-19.
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