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reputation in hierarchical organizations 等级制组织的声誉
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revolutions: difference from coup d’etat 革命：与政变的区别；killing of losers after 革命后对失败者的屠杀；reasons for success of 革命成功的原因；what creates 革命创建了什么
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rewards：奖励
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right-wing political parties 右翼政党
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Riker, William: The Theory of Political Coalitions 威廉·赖克，《政治结盟理论》；“Voting and the Summation of Preferences” 《投票与偏好总和》
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Roman Empire 罗马帝国
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Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 弗兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福
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royal councils 皇家议会
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Salesmen, political methods of 推销员：政治办法
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self interest 自利；Adam Smith’s theory of 亚当·斯密的自利理论；vs. advancement of organizational goals 自利与组织目标的提升；in bureaucracies 官僚体制中的自利
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single-peaked preferences 单峰偏好
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single sovereigns 单个领导；competition by peers subject to 从属于单个领导的同僚之间的竞争
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slavery, relationship of 奴隶制关系
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Smith, Adam 亚当·斯密
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social mobility in large organizations 大型组织中的社会流动
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social scientists: methods of 社会科学家：方法；ultimate objective 终极目标；value judgments by 价值判断；Social Security Administration 社会保障局
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sovereigns: aides and secretaries to 领导：助手与秘书；ideal 理想的领导；intelligence 领导的智力；knowledge of subordinates’ activities 了解下属的活动；limitations on time 领导时间的有限性；maximization of power 权力的最大化；overthrow of 推翻；pleasing one’s 取悦某人；principal problem in organizational efficiency 组织效率中的主要问题；problem of flattery 谄媚的问题；quasi-sovereigns 准领导；real and apparent power 真实而明显的权力；relationships with inferiors 与下级人员的关系；rewards to subordinates 对下属的奖励；single 单个领导；ultimate 最高领导；vagueness of wishes 领导愿望的模糊性
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spectators: boundary separation participants from 旁观者：与参与者的区分界线；numbers of 旁观者的数量；reference politicians’ relationship with 参照政治人与旁观者的关系
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Spencer, Herbert 赫伯特·斯彭斯
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staff（crisscross）system of supervision 监督的参谋（十字形）系统
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staff type of organization 组织的参谋类型
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stockholders：股东：as ultimate sover-eigns 作为最高领导
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subordinates 下属；communicating with 与下属沟通；control over 对下属的控制；ensuring compliance by 确保下属顺从；judging by results 用结果进行判断；more intelligent than supervisors 比监管人员更聪明；pleasing of sover-eigns 取悦领导； ranking of superiors by number of 依据下属数量确定上级级别；reporting on other subordinates 打其他下属的小报告；rewards and penalties 奖与罚；as slaves 作为奴隶； sovereigns’ knowledge of activities of 领导对下属活动的了解；superior to supervisor in abilities 上级对监督人员能力的了解；tradeoffs for higher/lower numbers of 数量多/少的替换办法；types of obedience from 服从的类型
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superiors: arts of persuasion 上级：劝说的艺术；individual’s way of dealing with 与个人打交道的方式；influence over inferiors 对下级的影响；multiple 多位上级；personal assistants to 个人助手
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supervision：监督、监管：cost accounting for 成本核算；crisscross system of 十字型体制；ease of high vs. low level 高与低水平的放松；judging subordinates by results 根据成果对下属作出判断；law of large numbers in 大数法则；within military 军队中的监管
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