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subordinates 下属;communicating with 与下属沟通;control over 对下属的控制;ensuring compliance by 确保下属顺从;judging by results 用结果进行判断;more intelligent than supervisors 比监管人员更聪明;pleasing of sover-eigns 取悦领导; ranking of superiors by number of 依据下属数量确定上级级别;reporting on other subordinates 打其他下属的小报告;rewards and penalties 奖与罚;as slaves 作为奴隶; sovereigns’ knowledge of activities of 领导对下属活动的了解;superior to supervisor in abilities 上级对监督人员能力的了解;tradeoffs for higher/lower numbers of 数量多/少的替换办法;types of obedience from 服从的类型
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superiors: arts of persuasion 上级:劝说的艺术;individual’s way of dealing with 与个人打交道的方式;influence over inferiors 对下级的影响;multiple 多位上级;personal assistants to 个人助手
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supervision:监督、监管:cost accounting for 成本核算;crisscross system of 十字型体制;ease of high vs. low level 高与低水平的放松;judging subordinates by results 根据成果对下属作出判断;law of large numbers in 大数法则;within military 军队中的监管
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supervisors:监管人员:central problem for most 大多数人遇到的关键问题;criteria for judging subordinates 判断下属的原则;efficiency sought from subordinates 从下属中挖掘效率ideal 理想的监管人员;ignorance of area supervised 对所监督领域的忽视
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Swigget, Harold, Power and the Prize 哈罗德·斯威格特,《权力与奖励》
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takeover bids 接管出价
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tariffs, abolishing of 废除关税
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tasks in hierarchies:等级制的任务:complexity and efficiency 复杂与效率;limitations on 限制条件;simple vs. complex 简单与复杂
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tenure 终身的
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theory of constitutions 宪政理论
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theory of political obligation 政治寡头统治理论
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theory of the firm 企业理论
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Tullock, Gordon:戈登·塔洛克:The Calculus of Consent 《同意的计算》,0;contributions to administrative theory 有关行政管理理论的著作;Entrepreneurial Politics 《创新政治学》;methodology used by 运用的方法论;“Utility, Strategy, and Social Decision Rules, A Comment” 《效用、策略与社会决策规则评说》
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two-party political systems, pressure toward 对两党政治制度的压力
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ultimate sovereigns 最高领导
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United States government: bureaucratic cliques 美国政府官僚体制中的派系
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U.S. Congress: slipping bills through 美国国会,法案的通过
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U.S. Department of State 美国国务院
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U.S. foreign policy 美国外交政策
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“Utility, Strategy, and Social Decision Rules, A Comment”(Tullock) 《效用、策略与社会决策规则评说》(塔洛克 著)
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utility maximizing by politicians 政治人的效用最大化
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venture capitalists 风险资本家
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voters: choice among options 选民:多重选项中的选择;as group sovereign 作为集体领导
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voting:选举:universal suffrage, relation to democracy 普选权,与民主的关系
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“Voting and the Summation of Preferences”(Riker) 《选举与偏好的总和》(赖克)
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