打字猴:1.70336678e+09
1703366780
1703366781 4Philip Selznick,The Moral Commonwealth:Social Theory and the Promise of Community,Berkeley,C. A.:University of California Press,1992,p. 391.
1703366782
1703366783 5Ronald Beiner,“Introduction:Why Citizenship Constitutes a Theoretical Problem in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century,”In Ronald Beiner,ed.,Theorizing Citizenship,Albany,N. Y.:State University of New York Press,1995,p. 3.
1703366784
1703366785 6早期的共和思想以亚里士多德为代表,主要表现在希腊城邦和罗马共和国的政治实践中。它着重在公民参与政治和保卫国家、公民有责的理想。16世纪,意大利的马基雅维里提出了以“美德”和“腐败”为核心概念的共和观。马基雅维里认为,在共和这个公共政治游戏中,游戏人比游戏规则更为重要。缺乏强健公民精神的国民是无法支撑共和体制,无法实现共和政治的。强健的公民精神就是马基雅维里所说的“美德”:独立的政治判断、炽热的爱国情怀、公民间的相互尊重和关怀、守纪律、讲信用和爱荣誉。共和必须由公民美德来支撑,因为共和是所有体制中最脆弱的一种。
1703366786
1703366787 来自两个方面的“腐败”随时都可能毁共和于一旦。一是来自当权者的腐败,这指的首先不是敛财受贿,而是专权。共和的本意是不同个人所属的不同阶级或不同阶层分有权力。一个人,一个阶级或政党一旦在权力上排斥或压迫他者,共和的腐败也就开始了。共和的另一个腐败来自公民。一旦公民放松对当权者的警惕,惰于思而懒于行,自顾自地得过且过,那么他们就已经在为当权者的专权腐败敞开大门。
1703366788
1703366789 马基雅维里不像亚里士多德那么乐观地看待共和社会的“共好”。他认为,不同阶级的生活环境决定了他们心目中不同的“好”,少数的强者求权力,多数的弱者求安稳。马基雅维里对人性本不善的理解使得他得出了这样的结论:无论是少数强者还是多数弱者,在一般情况下,腐败都要比美德来得容易。这也是共和理想天生多有劫难的根本原因。马基雅维里还认为,尽管共和腐败的危险既来自少数人,也来自多数人,但少数富人比多数的穷人更可能危害共和,因为无论是金钱还是权力,富人总是有了还要再有,不然就不觉得安全。所以,马基雅维里的共和观其实比亚里士多德的更具民主色彩。他认为,培育公民美德的必要条件就是维持公民的大致平等。尽管共和国内的阶级差别不可避免,但一旦财富分化过于严重,好的君王(国家权力)就应当保护弱者不受富豪的侵害。
1703366790
1703366791 7潘恩关于人的权利和世界公民的思想对公民社会的长期研究者John Deane设想超越狭隘的东欧民族主义,构建新的欧洲公民身份有相当的启发作用。John Keane,Tom Paine:A Political Life,London:Bloomsbury,1995. See esp. Prologue:“A Citizen Extraordinary,”pp. ixxiv.
1703366792
1703366793 8Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir,”in Philosophy and the World,trans. by E. B. Ashton,Chicago:Henry Regnery,1963,pp. 84,274.
1703366794
1703366795 9Hannah Arendt,“Karl Jaspers:Citizen of the World?”in Men in Dark Times,New York:Harcourt Brace and World Inc,1968,pp. 8384.
1703366796
1703366797 10Ibid.,p. 81.
1703366798
1703366799 11Hannah Arendt,“Civil Disobedience,”“Thoughts on Politics and Revolution,”in Crises of the Republic,New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1972.
1703366800
1703366801 12David Miller,“Bounded Citizenship,”in Kimberly Hutchings and Roland Dannreuther,eds.,Cosmopolitan Citizenship,New York:Saint Martin’s Press,1999,pp. 6869.
1703366802
1703366803 13Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Report on the Banality of Evil,Revised and enlarged edition,Harmondsworth:Penguin,1994,pp. 232233.
1703366804
1703366805 14David Miller,“The Ethical Significance of Nationality,”Ethics 98:4,July 1988,pp. 647648,“Bounded Citizenship,”p. 60.
1703366806
1703366807 15John Locke,The Treatises of Civil Government,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,[1690] 1988. See also Locke,“A Letter Concerning Toleration,”in M. Cranston,ed.,Locke on Politics,Religion and Education,New York:Collier Books,1965,pp. 104146.
1703366808
1703366809 16See F. E. Hayek,The Constitution of Liberty,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul[1960] 1976.
1703366810
1703366811 17Herman R. van Gunsteren,“Admission to Citizenship,”Ethics 98:4,July 1988,p. 741.
1703366812
1703366813 18J. S. Mill,Considerations on Representative Government,Chicago:Henry Regnery,[1861]1962.
1703366814
1703366815 19John Rawls,The Law of Peoples,Cambridge,M. A.:Harvard University Press,1999,pp. 37,119137,120.
1703366816
1703366817 20For an interesting critique of Rawls,see Thomas McCarthy,“On the Idea of a Reasonable Law of Peoples,”in James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann,ed.,Perpetual Peace:Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal,Cambridge,M. A.:The MIT Press,1997,pp. 201218.
1703366818
1703366819 21John Rawls,The Law of Peoples,p. 36.
1703366820
1703366821 22See Michael Walzer,ed.,Toward a Global Civil Society,Providence,Rhode Island,Berghahn Books,1995;Paul Hirst,Associative Democracy,Amherst,M. A.:University of Massachusetts Press,1994.
1703366822
1703366823 23Amy Chua,World on Fire:How Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability,New York:Doubleday,2003. Richard A. Falk,Human Rights Horizons:The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,New York:Routledge,2000,p. 27.
1703366824
1703366825 24Richard A. Falk,“Global Civil Society and the Democratic Prospect,”in Barry Holden,ed.,Global Democracy:Key Debates. London:Routledge,2000,p. 163.
1703366826
1703366827 25Richard A. Falk,Human Rights Horizons:The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,New York:Routledge,2000,p. 28.
1703366828
1703366829 26Richard A. Falk,“The Making of Global Citizenship,”in Bart von Steenbergen,ed.,The Condition of Citizenship,London:Sage,1994,p. 139.
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70336678e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]