打字猴:1.70336787e+09
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1703367871 17邓正来和景跃进:《建构中国的市民社会》,第8页。
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1703367873 18Adam B. Seligman,The Idea of Civil Society,p. 104.
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1703367875 19S. M. Lipset,“Radicalism or Reformism:The Sources of Working Class Politics,”The American Political Science Review,v. 77(1983),p. 6.
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1703367877 20邓正来、景跃进:《建构中国的市民社会》,第18页。
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1703367879 21同上书,第9页。
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1703367881 22引自许纪霖给笔者的来信。
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1703367883 23C. Douglas Lummis,Radical Democracy,Ithaca,New York:Cornell University Press,1996.
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1703367885 24Robert E. Gooding,Protecting the Vulnerable,Chicago:University of Chicago,1985,pp. 42ff.
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1703367887 25Jacques Rupnik,The Other Europe,New York:Pantheon Books,1988,p.245.
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1703367889 26Jacques Rupnik,The Other Europe,New York:Pantheon Books,1988,p.245.
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1703367891 27Ibid.,p. 246.
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1703367893 28J. M. Kovacs,“Reform Economists:The Classification Gap,”Daedalus,119:1(1990):215248. Agnes Harvath and Arpad Szakolczai,The Dissolution of Communist Power:The Case of Hungary,London:Routledge,1992,p. 225,note 16.
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1703367895 29Vaclav Havel,Living in Truth:Twenty-two Essays Published on the Occasion of the Award of Erasmus Prize to Vaclav Havel,ed. By Jan Vladislav,London:Faber,1989.
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1703367897 30对1989年以前东欧公民社会运动“现实政治”的局限性,东欧人士自己是有所认识的。例如,Horvath和Szakolczai早在1989年就指出,东欧的公民社会理论往往以“反政治”为口号,表现了“对政治的彻底失望和一种不涉入公共生活的享乐人生的理想”。那种被简单地定义为“私域”和“日常生活领域”的“公民社会”只是躲避国家权力控制的消极应对策略,并非是一种构建社会新秩序的有效方案。消极的“现实政治”对于反抗统治只有战术价值,没有战略价值。参见Agnes Horvath and Arpad Szakolczai,The Dissolution of Communist Power:The Case of Hungary,London:Routledge,1992,pp. 78。
1703367898
1703367899 而且,80年代东欧的公民社会还经常带有民族主义或文化民族主义的群体观。公民社会变成一种“我族”对外族强加秩序的反抗。例如,匈牙利历史学家詹诺·舒茨(Jeno Szucz)在他的《欧洲三区域》中强调,匈牙利、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克虽不符合西方模式,但与东方模式的俄国差别更大。昆德拉认为,中欧国家文化与西方亲缘,但政治却遭俄国东方式专制绑架,俄国沙皇制度下传统的奴性,是俄国根本不存在中欧公民社会的原因,也是中欧国家与俄国最终走不到一起的历史原因。还有一种看法是,俄国只有“人民”(顺民),而波兰却特别强调“社会”,其他中东欧国家则处在这二极之间。捷克斯洛伐克埃利默·汉契斯(Elemer Hankiss)所说的“第二社会”就是以波兰模式的社会来考量公民社会反抗苏联式统治的。但是,俄国政治异见人士并不愿意接受这种看死俄国的文化决定论。例如,俄国作家亚力山大·季诺维耶夫(Alexander Zinoviev)认为,自下而上的前述苏联社会其实只是一种“人群”形式,根本不是什么“社会”。索尔仁尼琴则认为,苏联制度义是一种“窒息俄罗斯”的外来力量。它是国家世俗化、失去宗教信仰的结果,它宰制了信仰上帝的俄罗斯人。不信神的世俗国家主义,它的祸源在西方,西方社会在日益腐败堕落,这是它在自食其果。俄罗斯不应该如此。参见Jacques Rupnik,The Other Europe,p. 247。
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1703367901 31See Jiri Pehe,“Civil Society at Issue in the Czech Republic,”RFE/RL East European Report,3:32,19 August 1994. Daniel N. Nelson,“Civil Society Endangered.”
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1703367903 32Peter Raina,Poland 1981:Towards Social Renewal,London:Allen and Unwin,1985,p. 175. See discussion in John K. Glenn,III.,Framing Democracy:Civil Society and Civil Movement in Eastern Europe. Stanford C. A.:Stanford University Press,2001,pp. 5257.
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1703367905 33Marcin Krol,“Poland’s Longing for Paternalism,”Journal of Democracy,5:1(1994):8595,p. 87.
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1703367907 34John K. Glenn,III.,Framing Democracy,p. 55.
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1703367909 35Timothy Garton Ash,The Polish Revolution:Solidarity 19801982,New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1983,p. 56.
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1703367911 36Quoted in Gale Stokes,The Walls Came Tumbling Down:The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993,p. 106.
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1703367913 37Jean Cohen,“Strategy or Identity:New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements,”Social Research,52:4(1985):663716,p. 700.
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1703367915 38Seymour Martin Lipset,“American Exceptionalism in North American Perspective:Why the United States Has Withstood the World Socialist Movement,”in G. Adams,ed.,The Idea of America,Cambridge,M. A.:Harvard University Press,1977.
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1703367917 39Mary Kaldor,“Transnational Civil Society,”in Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler,eds.,Human Rights in Global Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,pp. 198202.
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1703367919 40Ibid.,p. 200.
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