1703368690
1703368691
[4] Alexis de Tocqueville,Democracy in America (ed. Phillips Bradley,New York,Knopf,1955),2,118.
1703368692
1703368693
[5] Francis D. Wormuth. The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism (New York,Harper,1949),p. 4.
1703368694
1703368695
[6] Plutarch,The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans (trans. John Dryden,New York,Modern Library,n. d.),p. 104.
1703368696
1703368697
[7] 关于制度和制度化的定义和讨论,见Talcott Parsons,Essays in Sociological Theory (rev. ed. Glencoe,Ⅲ.,Free Press,1954),pp. 143,239;Charles P. Loomis,“Social Change and Social Systems,”in Edward A. Tiryakian,ed.,Sociological Theory,Values,and Sociocultural Change (New York,Free Press,1963),pp. 185 ff.。研究现代化问题时,制度化一词既有原来的含义,又有不同的含义,见S. N.艾森斯塔特的著作,特别是他的“Initial Institutional Patterns of Political Modernisation,”Civilisations,12 (1962),461—472,and 13 (1963),15—26;“Institutionalization and Change,”American Sociological Review,24 (April 1964),235—247;“Social Change,Differentiation and Evolution,”ibid.,24 (June 1964),375—386。
1703368698
1703368699
[8] 威廉·H.斯达巴克《组织成长和发展》一文:“适应性的基本性质是这样的:某一组织经历越久,就越能继续生存。”参见William H. Starbuck,“Organizational Growth and Development,”in James G. March,ed.,Handbook of Organizations (Chicago,Rand McNally,1965),p. 453。
1703368700
1703368701
[9] Ashoka Mehta,in Raymond Aron,ed.,World Technology and Human Destiny (Ann Arbor,University of Michigan Press,1963),p. 133.
1703368702
1703368703
[10] 见Philip Selznick’s small classic,Leadership in Administration (New York,Harper and Row,1957),pp. 5 ff.。
1703368704
1703368705
[11] 参见Starbuck,pp. 473—475,他认为,老成组织不像新建组织那样,对目标的变化采取排斥的态度,但老成组织往往对社会结构和任务结构的变化采取排斥态度。
1703368706
1703368707
[12] 见Mayer N. Zald and Patricia Denton,“From Evangelism to General Service:The Transformation of the YMCA,”Administrative Science Quarterly,8 (Sept.1963),214 ff.。
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1703368709
[13] Joseph R. Gusfield,“Social Structure and Moral Reform:A Study of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,”American Journal of Sociology,61 (Nov.1955),232;and Gusfield,“The Problem of Generations in an Organizational Structure”,Social Forces,35 (May,1957),323 ff.
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1703368711
[14] Sheldon L. Messinger,“Organizational Transformation:A Case Study of a Declining Social Movement,”American Sociological Review,20 (Feb.1955),10. 楷体为原文所有。
1703368712
1703368713
[15] David L. Sills,The Volunteers (Glencoe,Ⅲ.,Free Press,1957),p. 266.该书第9章就YMCA、WCTU、汤森运动、红十字会等个别组织探讨了组织目标转化问题,写得很精彩。
1703368714
1703368715
[16] Sigmund Neumann,“Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties,”in Neumann,ed.,Modern Political Parties (Chicago,University of Chicago Press,1956),pp. 403—405.
1703368716
1703368717
[17] Aristotle,Politics (trans. Ernest Barker,Oxford,Clarendon Press,1946),p. 254.
1703368718
1703368719
[18] Edmund Burke,Reflections on the Revolution in France (Chicago,Regnery,1955),p. 37.
1703368720
1703368721
[19]Politics ,pp. 60,206.
1703368722
1703368723
[20] Burke,Reflections on the Revolution in France ,p. 92.
1703368724
1703368725
[21] 见Samuel P. Huntington,“Patterns of Violence in World Politics,”in Huntington,ed.,Changing Patterns of Military Politics (New York,Free Press,1962),pp. 44—47。
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1703368727
[22] 可参见,例如Herbert McCloskey,“Consensus and Ideology in American Politics,”American Political Science Review,18 (June 1964),361 ff.;Samuel Stouffer,Communism,Conformity,and Civil Liberties (Garden City,N.Y.,Doubleday,1955),passim。
1703368728
1703368729
[23] Arnold J. Toynbec,A Study of History (abridgement of Vols.Ⅰ—Ⅵ by D.C. Somervell,New York,Oxford University Press,1947),pp. 176—177.
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1703368731
[24] David C. Rapoport,“A Comparative Theory of Military and Political Types,”in Huntington,ed.,Changing Patterns of Military Politics ,p. 79.
1703368732
1703368733
[25] Harry Holbert Turney-High,Primitive War (Columbia,S.C.,University of South Carolina Press,1949),pp. 235—236.
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1703368735
[26] 见Glendon Schubert,The Public Interest (Glencoe,Ⅲ.,Free Press,1960);Carl J. Friedrich,ed.,Nomos V:The Public Interest (New York,American Society of Political and Legal Philosophy,1962);Douglas Price,“Theories of the Public Interest,”in Lynton K. Caldwell,ed.,Politics and Public Affairs (Bloomington,Indiana University Press,1962),pp. 141—160;Richard E. Flathman,The Public Interest (New York,Wiley,1966)。
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1703368737
[27] Carl J. Friedrich,Man and His Government (New York,McGraw-Hill,1963),p. 150.楷体为原文所有。
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1703368739
[28]Politics ,p. 267.
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