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[35] Apter,Modernization ,p. 114 n.
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[36] David E. Apter,“The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda,”World Politics,13 (1960),48.
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[37] Apter,Modernization ,p. 99.
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[38] Aristotle,Politics ,pp. 243—244;Douglas H. Mendel,Jr.,“Japan as a Model for Developing Nations”(paper prepared for Annual Meeting,American Political Science Association,September 8,1965),pp. 8—9.
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[39] Claire Sterling,“Can Dr. Amini Save Iran?”The Reporter,30 (August 17,1961),36.
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[40] 引自Donald N. Wilber,Contemporary Iran (New York,Praeger,1963),p. 126。
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[41] 引自I. William Zartman,Destiny of a Dynasty:The Search for Institutions in Morccco’s Developing Society (Columbia,S.C.,University of South Carolina Press,1964),p. 17。
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[42] Zartman,pp. 60—61.
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[43]New York Times .June 8,1965;Ronald Steel,“Morocco’s Reluctant Autocrat,”The New Leader ,August 30,1965.
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[44] 引自Jay Waltz,New York Times ,September 25,1963。另可见Andrew F. Westwood,“Elections and Politics in Iran,”Middle East Journal,15 (1961),153 ff。
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[45] Eugene B. Mihaly,Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal (London,Oxford University Press,1965),p. 108;Anirudha Gupta,Politics in Nepal (Bombay,Allied Publishers,1964),pp. 157—160;Bhuwan Lal Joshi and Leo E. Rose,Democratic Innovations in Nepal (Berkeley and Los Angeles,University of California Press,1966),pp. 384—388.
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[46] Mosse,pp. 176—177.
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[47] Levine,Wax and Gold ,pp. 185—193.
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[48] Levine,Wax and Gold ,p. 215.
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[49]New York Times ,March 8,1966,p. 10.
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[50] Levine,Waxand Gold ,pp. 187 ff. Leonard Binder,Iran (Berkeley and Los Angeles,University of California Press,1962),pp. 94—95;David S. French,“Bureaucracy and Political Development in African States”(unpublished paper,Harvard University,1966).
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[51] Mosse,Chaps. 3,6.
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[52] Frey,“Political Development,Power and Communications,”pp. 311—313.
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[53] 见,例如,New York Times ,November 21,1966。
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变化社会中的政治秩序 第四章 普力夺社会和政治衰朽
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普力夺社会的根源
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谈到政治现代化,没有比军人干预政治这一点更为引人注目和司空见惯了。军人政府和军事政变、军人反叛和军人政权一直是拉丁美洲国家中绵延不断的现象,中东亦大体如此。50年代末和60年代初南亚、东南亚的许多国家也是在军人统治之下。60年代中期,加纳、达荷美、刚果(利)、中非共和国、上沃尔特和尼日利亚相继发生了军事政变,此前阿尔及利亚、多哥、苏丹和刚果(布)等国家业已发生政变,凡此种种完全暴露出所谓非洲或许能避免拉丁美洲、中东、东南亚军人专制经历的希望和论点是无稽之谈。无论在哪一块大陆或哪一个国家,军人干预明显是政治现代化不可分离的一部分。这提出了两个问题供我们进行分析。第一,在实现现代化的国家中,军人干预政治的原因是什么?第二,军人干预带给现代化和政治发展的后果是什么?
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