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[6] Crane Brinton，The Anatomy of Revolution （New York，Vintage，1958）.
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[7] Leon Trotsky，My Life （New York，Scribner’s，1930），p. 337，quoted in Merle Fainsod，How Russia Is Ruled （Cambridge，Harvard University Press，1953），p. 84.
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[8] Cf. Chalmers Johnson. Revolution and the Social System （Stanford，Hoover Institution，1964），pp. 3—22；Harry Eckstein，“Internal War：The Problem of Anticipation，”in Ithiel de Sola Pool et al.，Social Science Research and National Security （Washington，Smithsonian Institution，1963），pp. 116—118.
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[9] Pettee，pp. 12，100；Brinton，pp. 100 ff.；Johnson，pp. 5 ff.
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[10] R.R. Palmer，The Age of the Democratic Revolution，I ，484.
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[11] Barbara Ward，“‘The City May Be as Lethal as the Bomb，’”New York Times Magazine ，April 19，1964，p. 22.
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[12] Ernst Halperin，“The Decline of Communism in Latin America，”Atlantic Monthly，215 （May 1965），65.
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[13] Glaucio A.D. Soares，“The Political Sociology of Uneven Development in Brazil，”in Irving L. Horowitz，ed.，Revolution in Brazil （New York，Dutton，1964），p. 191；Andrew Pearse，“Some Characteristics of Urbanization in the City of Rio de Janeiro，”in Philip Hauser，ed.，Urbanization in Latin America （Paris，UNESCO，1961），p. 196.
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[14] Angus Campbell et al.，The American Voter （New York，John Wiley，1960），pp. 209—210；Frank Bonilla，“Rio’s Favelas，”American Universities Field Staff Report Service （East Coast South America Series，Vol，8，No.3，February 1，1961），12；John P. Harrison，“The Role of the Intelleetual in Fomenting Change；The University，”in John J. TePaske and Sydney N. Fisher，eds.，Explosive Forcesin Latin America （Columbus，Ohio State University Press，1964），p. 34；Daniel Goldrich，“Toward an Estimate of the Probability of Social Revolutions in Latin America：Some Orienting Concepts and a Case Study.”Centennial Review，6 （Summer 1962），400. 另可见Daniel Goldrich，Raymond B. Pratt，and C.R. Schuller，“The Political Integration of Lower Class Urban Settlements in Chile and Peru：A Provisional Inquiry”（paper presented at Annuai Meeting of the American Political Science Association，New York，September 6—10，1996）。
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[15] Halperin，p. 66.
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[16] H. Rotondo，“Psychological and Mental Health Problems of Urbanization Based on Case Studies in Peru，”in Hauser，p. 255.
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[17] Soares，pp. 191—192；Alfred Stepan，“Political Development Theory：The Latin American Experience，”Journal of International Affairs，20 （1966），229—231；Joseph A. Kahl，“Social Stratification and Values in Metropoli and Provinces：Brazil and Mexico，”America Latina，8 （Jan.-Mar. 1965），33. Cf. John C. Leggett，“Uprootedness and Working-Class Consclousness，”American Journal of Sociology，68 （1963），682 ff.
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[18] Weiner，The Politics of Scarcity ，pp. 205—206（footnotes omitted），and Weiner，“Urbanization and Political Protest，”Civilisations，17 （1967），44—50.
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[19] Oscar Handlin，The Uprooted （Boston，Little Brown，1951），p. 267；Will Herberg，Protestant-Catholic-Jew （Garden City，N.Y.，Doubleday，1956），pp. 28—35；Marcus L. Hansen，The Immigrant in American History （Cambridge，Harvard University Press，1940），pp. 92—96.
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[20] Claude Brown，Testimony，Hearings on Federal Role in Urban Problems ，U.S. Senate，Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization of the Committee on Government Operations，89th Congress，2d Session（1966），Part V，p. 1106；Philip Meyer，A Survey of Attitudes of Detroit Negroes After the Riot of 1967 （Detroit，Detroit Urban League and Detroit Free Press，1967）.
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[21] Kornhauser，The Politics of Mass Society ，pp. 150—151.楷体为原文所有。
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[22] George E. Lichtblau，“The Politics of Trade Union Leadership in Southern Asia，”World Politics，7 （1954），89—99. Arnold Zack，Labor Training in Developing Countries （New York，Praeger，1964），p. 12；Bruce Millen，The Political Role of Labor in Developing Countries ，pp. 49—52；Robert J. Alexander，Organized Labor in Latin America （New York. Free Press，1965；），p. 13；Marshall R. Singer，The Emerging Elite （Cambridge，M.I.T. Press，1964），pp. 128—136.
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[23] Gaston V. Rimlinger，“The Legitimation of Protest：A Comparative Study in Labor History，”Comparative Studies in Society and History，2 （April 1960），342—343.
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[24] Henry A. Landsberger，“The Labor Elite：Is It Revolutionary？”in Seymour Martin Lipset and Aldo Solari，eds.，Elites in Latin America （New York，Oxford University Press，1967），p. 260.
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[25] Lichtblau，p. 100.
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[26] Lloyd Fallers，“Equality，Modernity，and Democracy in the New States，”in Clifford Geertz，ed.，Old Societies and New States （New York，The Free Press，1963），p. 188.另可见西奥多·德雷珀（Theodore Draper）的评论，他认为“古巴工会数年来已获得了足够的让步和好处，从而使其成员成为相对的特权阶级”。Castroism：Theory and Practice （New York，Praeger，1965），pp. 76—77。
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[27] Landsberger，p. 271.
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[28] Harpern，The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa ，p. 75；Draper，p. 79.
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[29] Bert F. Hoselitz and Myron Weiner，“Economic Development and Political Stability in India，”Dissent，8 （Spring 1961），177；Benjamin B. Ringer and David L. Sills.“Political Extremists in Iran，”Public Opinion Quarterly，10 （1952—1953），693—694.
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[30] Palmer，I ，483—443.
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