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[15] Frey,pp. 313—314,楷体为原文所有。
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[16] Joseph Hamburger,James Mill and the Art of Revolution (New Haven,Yale University Press,1963),pp. 277—278;The Politics of Scarcity ,Chap. 8. 关于暴力在改革中的一般作用,见Hirschman,pp. 256—260,以及H.L. Nieburg,“The Threat of Violence and Social Change,”American Political Science Review,56 (Dec.1962),865—873。
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[17] 转引自Hamburger,p. 278。
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[18] Arthur I. Waskow,From Race Riot to Sit-In,1919 and the 1960s (Garden City,N.Y.,Doubleday,1966),pp. 278—279.
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[19] Harold D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan,Power and Society (New Haven,Yale University Press,1950),p. 276;Carl J. Friedrich,Man and His Government (New York,McGrawHill,1963),p. 641;The Age of the Democratic Revolution,2 ,574.
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[20] Alexis de Tocqueville,The Old Regime and the French Revolution ,pp. 176—177、188.
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[21] 可惜在绥靖政策何时能达到目的,何时却反而起刺激作用的问题上,理论研究还很不够。简短但有价值的论述,见George A. Lanyi,“The Problem of Appeasement”,World Politics,15 (Jan.1963),316—329。关于和平变革的文献是大量的,其中某些著作也可参照,特别是Bryce C. Wood,Peaceful Change and the Colonial Problem (New York,Columbia University Press,1940)和Lincoln Bloomfield,Evolution or Revoluilon (Cambridge,Harvard University Press 1957)。国内政治和国际政治间的类比不宜搞得太过分。在国内政治舞台上通常包括保守派、改革派和革命派力量,国际舞台上则存在着试图维持现状的强国和后起的强国。革命者通常视革命为必要手段,拒绝考虑不进行革命而获取革命果实的可能性;但后起的强国却更乐于不通过战争来获得本来要战争才能得到的东西。
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[22] 转引自Bertram D. Wolfe,Three Who Made a Revolution (Boston,Beacon Press,1955),p. 120,及Alfred G. Meyer,Leninism (Cambridge,Harvard University Press 1957),p. 73。关于列宁对于土地改革的多少有些各不相同的评价,见本章后半部分。
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[23] 原文如此。参见《列宁全集》第1卷第416页,1955年,北京,中文版;第31卷第66页,1958年,北京,中文版。——译者注
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[24] 转引自de Tocqueville,pp. 161—162。
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[25] Frank Tannenbaum,“On Political Stability,”Political Science Quarterly,75 (June 1960),169.
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[26] 见Seymour Martin Lipset,“Democracy and the Social System,”in Harry Eckstein,ed.,Internal War (New York,The Free Press,1964),pp. 296—302;de Tocqueville,pp. 81—96。
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[27] Lasswell and Kaplan,p. 267.
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[28] 见Seymour Martin Lipset’s summary,“University Students and Politics in Underdeveloped Countries,”in Lipset,ed.,“Special Issue on Student Politics,”Comparative Education Review,10 (June 1966),132 ff.
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[29] Henderson,Korea:The Politics of the Vortex ,p. 181.
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[30] John P. Harrison,“The Role of the Intellectual in Fomenting Change:The University,”in TePaske and Fisher,eds.,Explosive Forces in Latin America ,p. 33;Red Flag ,quoted in Boston Globe ,July 5,1966,p. 14.
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[31] Lipset,pp. 140—141.
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[32] Mosse,Alexander Ⅱ and the Modernization of Russia ,pp. 125—126;Franco Venturi,Roois of Revolution (New York,Grosset and Dunlap,1966),pp. 222—226;Michael Karpovich,Imperial Russia,1801—1917 (New York,Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1932),p. 46.
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[33] Nicholas S. Timasheff,War and Revolution (New York,Sheed and Ward),pp. 179—180.
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[34] Howard J. Wiarda,“The Context of United States Policy toward the Dominican Republic:Background to the Revolution of 1965”(unpublished paper,Harvard University,Center for International Affairs,1966),pp. 30—31.
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[35] Eugene B. Mihaly and Joan M. Nelson,“Political Development and U.S. Economic Assistance”(unpublished paper,1966),p. 8.
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[36] Palmer,Ⅰ ,482.
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[37] “土地改革”和“农业改革”这两个词语可以用“什么”和“怎样”这两层意思来加以区别。就实质或“什么”而言,“土地改革”在这里即指土地所有权以及土地收入的再分配。“农业改革”则是指能够增加农产品和农业生产率的耕作技术、农业机械、肥料、土壤保持、轮作、灌溉、推销等方面的改进。我们在这里主要是论及土地改革,因为它对于政治稳定有着最直接的影响。没有土地改革的农业改革确会增加产量,同时也加剧农村的动荡。没有农业改革的土地改革则会增强政治稳定而降低农业生产力。在“怎样”这个意义上,“土地改革”这个词,如果不加别的限定,就意味着使用除去革命以外的手段来改变土地的占有权。由于所有的革命同样也造成土地占有权的改变,这种改变可被称为“革命的土地改革”,以此区别于那些用较为和平的方式所进行的土地改革。
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[38] 引文分别见Henderson,pp. 156—157;Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph,“Toward Political Stability in Underdeveloped Countries:The Case of India,”Public Policy (Cambridge,Graduate School of Public Administration,1959),9 ,166;Royal Institute of International Affairs,Agrarian Reform in Latin America (London,Oxford University Press,1962),14;Charles J. Erasmus,“A Comparative Study of Agrarian Reform in Venezuela,Bolivia,and Mexico,”in Dwight B. Heath,Charles J. Erasmus,Hans C. Buechler,Land Reform and Social Revolution in Bolivia (unpublished manuscript,University of Wisconsin,Land Tenure Center,1966),pp. 708—709。
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[39] 斯托雷平的话,转引自Willam Henry Chamberlin,“The Ordeal of the Russian Peasantry,”Russian Review,14 (October 1955),297。
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