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[8] Maurice Duverger，Political Parties （New York，John Wiley，1954），p. 426.
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[9] Washington，“Farewell Address，”in Ford，ed.，13 ，304.
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[10] 见Myron Weiner and Joseph LaPalombara，“The Impact of Parties on Political Development，”in LaPalombara and Weiner，p. 400。
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[11] Edwin Lieuwen，Generals vs. Presidents ，p. 61.
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[12] Luis Muñoz Marin，New York Times ，Dec. 27，1964，p. 43.
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[13] Philip E. Converse，“The Nature of Belief Systems im Mass Publics，”in David Apter，ed.，Ideology and Discontent （New York，The Free Press，1964），pp. 248—249。楷体为原文所有。
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[14] William J. Foltz，“Building the Newest Nations：Short-Run Strategies and Long-Run Problems，”in Karl W. Deutsch and William J. Foltz，eds.，Nation-Building （New York，Atherton Press，1963），p. 121.
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[15] William J. Foltz，“Building the Newest Nations：Short-Run Strategies and Long-Run Problems，”in Karl W. Deutsch and William J. Foltz，eds.，Nation-Building （New York，Atherton Press，1963），pp. 123—124.
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[16] 转引自Caridad C. Semaña，“Some Political Aspects of Philippine Economic Development After Independence”（Ph.D. dissertation，Harvard University，1965），p. 166。
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[17] William N. Chambers，Political Parties in a New Nation （New York，Oxford University Press，1963），p. 26.
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[18] Keith Callard，Political Forces in Pakistan，1947—1959 （New York，Institute of Pacific Relations，1959），pp. 24—25.
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[19] David A. Wilson，Politics in Thailand （Ithaca，Cornell University Press，1962），p. 68.
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[20] Henderson，Korea：The Politics of Vortex ，p. 288；David Abernethy，“Education and Politics in a Developing Society：The Southern Nigerian Experience”（Ph.D. dissertation，Harvard University，1965），p. 331.
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[21] 美国的经历参见Chambers，pp. 32—33。
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[22] Rupert Emerson，“Nation-Building in Africa，”in Deutsch and Foltz，pp. 110—111.
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[23] 这些术语系出自Rajni Kothari，“The Congress‘System’in India，”Asia Survey ，4（December 1964），1161ff。另可见Abernethy pp. 482—489。
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[24] David Donald，An Excess of Democracy （Inaugural Lecture，Oxford，Clarendon Press，1960），p. 17.
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[25] Vernon Lee Fluharty，Dance of the Millions：Military Rule and the Social Revolution in Colombia，1930—1956 （Pittsburgh，University of Pittsburgh Press，1957），pp. 316—317.
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[26] Edwin Lieuwen，Arms and Politics in Latin America （New York Frederick Praeger 1960），p. 89.
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[27] Duverger，pp. 215—216.
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[28] Myron Weiner，Party，Politicsin India （Princeton，Princeton University Press，1957），pp. 230—231.
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[29] Seydou Kouyate，Africa Report （May 1963），p. 16，quoted by Rupert Emerson，“Parties and National Integration in Africa”，in LaPalombara and Weiner，pp. 296—297.
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[30] 见Frederick W. Frey，“Political Development，Power and Communications in Turkey，”in Lucian W. Pye，ed.，Communications and Political Development ，pp. 313—314。
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[31] Henderson，p. 303.
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[32] 见Martin Meadows，“Philippine Political Parties and the 1961 Election，”Pacific，Affairs 35（Fall 1962），270n.。
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