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一个执行官想有出色的表现,是应当受到科学的训练,还是应当在“励志学校”里学习,数年前这仍然是个问题。如今已经很清楚,胜出的是商学院及其手法:执行官已经专业化了。专业化意味着集团化。今天的执行官是由顾问包装、由官僚机构包围着的,所以他渴望重温旧梦,按自己的想法亲自做点儿什么。这是藏在他灵魂中的马基雅维里。他要单打独斗——既然他是位于顶峰的总统。在这顶峰之上,总统一枝独秀,是因为他孤身一人;他孤身一人,是因为他一枝独秀。换言之,把孤身一人混同于独特性,把独特性混同于优秀,是一种幻觉。孤身一人的欲望能被误解为获得超凡魅力的欲望——后者其实恰恰是它的对立面:是获得大众追捧的欲望。但是,假如我们的研究有一个清楚的结论,那么这个结论就是:对执行权的得到公认的需要,等于认可了对优秀品质的需要。这方面的所有权威都证实,不依靠一个至少部分地处在法律之外、不被体制的解释所左右的执行官,任何法律或体制都不能确保它所要求的行为。不会自动执行的因素不管是什么,它只存在于优秀品质的王国。那么,优秀品质是什么?你们会问。它大概是灵魂的完美——如今这是个不轻松的想法,然而也是个能够激励人心、振作精神、恢复健康的想法。
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