打字猴:1.703380872e+09
1703380872
1703380873 [329]见Mark Hulliung,Montesquieu and the Old Regime (Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1976),pp.219—220。
1703380874
1703380875 [330]William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Law of England,I.154;Federalist 47. 洛克反对因人民侵犯国王的特权而指控人民;Two Treatises,II.163。
1703380876
1703380877 [331]孟德斯鸠在这里为一种马基雅维里式的可能性留出了空间:立法者也有可能是“单独 一人”。另见V.10。
1703380878
1703380879 [332]Machiavelli,Discourses on Livy,I.53.
1703380880
1703380881 [333]Manent,Histoire intellectuelle du libéralisme,pp.137—139.
1703380882
1703380883 [334]对洛克来说,劳动价值学说来自于人对自然界的“几乎毫无价值的物质”之占用(Two Treatises,II.43;参见41),而在孟德斯鸠看来,自然奖励劳动这个事实,表明了“自然对人的公正”(Spirit of Laws,XIII.2)。
1703380884
1703380885 [335]洛克当然也希望走向一个自由社会,然而他是分别讨论自由主义政治的原理(在《政府论》中)和自由主义的教育原理(在《对教育的若干思考》中)。见Tarcov,Locke’s Education for Liberty,导言。
1703380886
1703380887 [336]孟德斯鸠也有相反的陈述,公民可以是自由的,而政体是不自由的:儒雅的专制政体在一定时间内有这种可能。
1703380888
1703380889 [337]《论法的精神》XII.4中破坏宗教、风俗和安宁的罪名,与I.1中上帝、哲学家和立法者的法律相符。列入第四款的安全是孟德斯鸠的贡献。
1703380890
1703380891 [338]见《论法的精神》V. 16有关君主政体和专制政体的“权力转移”的讨论。安全作为一项原则是“君主政体的”,因为它保留的权力要多于它的权力;它保持自己的尊严,不受言论或思想的侵犯(XII.11,12)。
1703380892
1703380893 [339]见Manent,Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism,pp.133—136。
1703380894
1703380895 [340]Machiavelli,Discourses on Livy,I.4—8;Mansfield,Machiavelli’s New Modes and Orders,ad loc.
1703380896
1703380897 [341]Athanasios Moulakis,“Leonardo Bruni’s Constitution of Florence”, Rinascimento XXVI (1986),153.
1703380898
1703380899 九 执行权的共和化
1703380900
1703380901 [342]Max Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convertion of 1787,4 vols.,rev. ed. (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1966),I.66,II.35;Ruth and Stephen Grant,“The Madisonian Presidency,” in J. Bessette and J. Tulis,eds.,The Presidency in the Constitutional Order (Baton Rouge,LA:Louisana State University Press,1981),pp.31,60n. 参见Jeffrey L. Sedgwick,“James Madison and the Problem of Executive Character”, Polity,XXI (1988),pp.11—13。
1703380902
1703380903 [343]一位历史学家对该问题的详细讨论,见Jack N. Rakove,“The Great Compromise:Ideas,Interests and the Politics of Constitution-Making”, The William and Mary Quarterly,XLIV (1987),424—427。
1703380904
1703380905 [344]William T. Hutchinson et al.,eds.,The Papers of James Madison (Chicago and Charlottesville,VA:University of Chicago Press and University of Virginia Press,1962— ),X.208—209;Farrand,Records,I.138—139. 有关这种困境的文献见Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner,The Founders’ Constitution,5 vols. (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987),I.147—183,250—251,301—335;III.486—534; Ralph Ketcham,Presidents Above Party (Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1984),pp.5—8。
1703380906
1703380907 [345]迟至1787年8月24日,制宪会议才就国会选举总统一事进行表决。Farrand,Records I.21,64—69;II.500—503,572—575.
1703380908
1703380909 [346]另见汉密尔顿在制宪会议的评论,Farrand,Records,I.289,310;Harold G. Syrett,ed.,The Papers of Alexander Hamilton,26 vols. (New York:Columbia University Press,1962),IV.186。
1703380910
1703380911 [347]Charles C. Thach,Jr.,The Creation of the Presidency,1775—1789 (rev. ed.,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1969),chs.1—3;Gordon S. Wood,The Creation of the American Republic,1776—1787 (Chapel Hill,NC:Univeristy of North Carolina Press,1969),pp.134—143,432—436;Forrest McDonald,Novus Ordo Seclorum;The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence,KS:University Press of Kansas,1985),pp.86,176—183.
1703380912
1703380913 [348]1786年12月14日杰伊致杰斐逊函,见The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay,Hugh Johnston ed.,4 vols.(New York:G. P. Putnam,1890—1893),III.223。另见1787年3月19日麦迪逊致杰斐逊函,Papers IX.319—321;以及Federalist 64。这里我要感谢塔可夫。麦迪逊对弗吉尼亚宪法中的软弱的执行官,也持严厉批评的态度;见他致华莱士函,Papers,VIII.352:“我们的执行部门是一部坏宪法中最坏的成分。”Papers VIII.352。
1703380914
1703380915 [349]见Murray Dry,“Anti-Federalism in the Federalist”, in Charles R. Kesler,ed.,Saving the Revolution (New York:Free Press,1987),p.55。
1703380916
1703380917 [350]Gerald Stourzh,Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1970),p.96;Gwyn,Meaning of the Separation of Powers,p.22.
1703380918
1703380919 [351]参见Thach,Creation of the Presidency,pp.18,27,52—54;他无视共和理论和美国共和主义对这一创设的作用。因此,他虽然强调这个过程及其结果的美国特性,对它作为一项成就却估计不足。
1703380920
1703380921 [352]这种良性的马基雅维里主义的另一个例子,见Walter Moyle,An Essay upon the Constitution of the Roman Government (c.1699),in C. Robbins,ed.,Two English Republican Tracts (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1969),pp.253—254。 另见Isaac Kramnick,Bolingbroke and His Circle (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1968),pp.236—260。
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