1703431160
1703431161
[23]Goldfarb,“Why Housing Is Still Hindering the Recovery.”
1703431162
1703431163
[24]Craig Torres,“Household Debt Restructuring in U.S.Would Stimulate Growth,Reinhart Says,” Bloomberg,August 5,2011.
1703431164
1703431165
[25]Murray N.Rothbard,The Panic of 1819
:Reactions and Policies (New York
:Columbia University Press,1962),7.
1703431166
1703431167
[26]Patrick Bolton and Howard Rosenthal,“Political Intervention in Debt Contracts,”Journal of Political Economy 110 (2002)
:1103-34.
1703431168
1703431169
[27]Rothbard,Panic of 1819,24.
1703431170
1703431171
[28]Bolton and Rosenthal,“Political Intervention.”
1703431172
1703431173
[29]Rothbard,Panic of 1819.
1703431174
1703431175
[30]同上。
1703431176
1703431177
[31]同上,第28页。
1703431178
1703431179
[32]Price Fishback,Jonathan Rose,and Kenneth Snowden,Well Worth Saving
:How the New Deal Safeguarded Home Ownership (Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,2013).
1703431180
1703431181
[33]同上。
1703431182
1703431183
[34]Randall Kroszner,“Is It Better to Forgive than to Receive?
:Repudiation of the Gold Indexation Clause in LongTerm Debt during the Great Depression” (manuscript,University of Chicago,1998).
1703431184
1703431185
[35]John Geanakoplos and Susan Koniak,“Mortgage Justice Is Blind,” New York Times,October 29,2008.
1703431186
1703431187
[36]有关第13章破产法的相关信息来自Mark Scarberry and Scott Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy
:A Contextual Approach to Sections 1322(b)(2) and (b)(5),” Pepperdine Law Review 20,no.2 (2012)
:425-96。
1703431188
1703431189
[37]关于这个解释在法律上存在大量争论,20世纪80年代末至90年代初的一系列案件随着1992年“贵族诉美利坚储蓄银行案”(Nobleman v. American Savings Bank)而结束,法院裁定根据初始《破产法》第13章的规定,有担保的住房抵押贷款债务不能减记。在此之前,很多法官处理破产案件时允许住房抵押贷款减记。参见Scarberry and Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy”。
1703431190
1703431191
[38]Clea Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered on CarrotsNotSticks Policy,”Bloomberg News,June 11,2012.
1703431192
1703431193
[39]Binyamin Appelbaum,“Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama,”New York Times,August 19,2012.
1703431194
1703431195
[40]同上。
1703431196
1703431197
[41]Doris Dungey,“Just Say Yes to Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,October 7,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/10/justsayyestocramdowns.html.
1703431198
1703431199
[42]Doris Dungey,“House Considers Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,December 12,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/12/houseconsiderscramdowns.html.
1703431200
1703431201
[43]Bill McBride,“Mortgage Cramdowns:A Missed Opportunity,” Calculated Risk,August 20,2012,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2012/08/mortgagecramdownsmissedopportunity.html.
1703431202
1703431203
[44]一个相关的建议来自Eric Posner和Luigi Zingales,修改《破产法》第13章,允许邮政编码区的购房者在破产时减记住房抵押贷款,特别是那些受到房价下跌沉重打击的家庭,条件是这些家庭需要在未来出售房屋时放弃部分可能上升的收益。参见 Eric Posner and Luigi Zingales,“A Loan Modification Approach to the Housing Crisis,” American Law and Economics Review 11,no.2 (2009)
:575-607。
1703431204
1703431205
[45]Geanakoplos,“Solving the Present Crisis.”
1703431206
1703431207
[46]OCC Mortgage Metrics Report,“OCC Reports on Mortgage Performance for Fourth Quarter,” March 27,2013.
1703431208
1703431209
[47]Roberts and Kaper,“Out of Their Depth.”
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