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1703431191
[38]Clea Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered on CarrotsNotSticks Policy,”Bloomberg News,June 11,2012.
1703431192
1703431193
[39]Binyamin Appelbaum,“Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama,”New York Times,August 19,2012.
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1703431195
[40]同上。
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1703431197
[41]Doris Dungey,“Just Say Yes to Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,October 7,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/10/justsayyestocramdowns.html.
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[42]Doris Dungey,“House Considers Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,December 12,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/12/houseconsiderscramdowns.html.
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1703431201
[43]Bill McBride,“Mortgage Cramdowns:A Missed Opportunity,” Calculated Risk,August 20,2012,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2012/08/mortgagecramdownsmissedopportunity.html.
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1703431203
[44]一个相关的建议来自Eric Posner和Luigi Zingales，修改《破产法》第13章，允许邮政编码区的购房者在破产时减记住房抵押贷款，特别是那些受到房价下跌沉重打击的家庭，条件是这些家庭需要在未来出售房屋时放弃部分可能上升的收益。参见 Eric Posner and Luigi Zingales,“A Loan Modification Approach to the Housing Crisis,” American Law and Economics Review 11,no.2 （2009）
:575-607。
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1703431205
[45]Geanakoplos,“Solving the Present Crisis.”
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1703431207
[46]OCC Mortgage Metrics Report,“OCC Reports on Mortgage Performance for Fourth Quarter,” March 27,2013.
1703431208
1703431209
[47]Roberts and Kaper,“Out of Their Depth.”
1703431210
1703431211
[48]Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered.”
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1703431213
[49]International Monetary Fund,“Concluding Statement of the 2012 Article IV Mission to the United States of America,” July 3,2012,http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2012/070312.htm.
1703431214
1703431215
[50]Daniel Leigh,Deniz Igan,John Simon,and Petia Topalova,“Chapter 3
:Dealing with Household Debt,” in IMF World Economic Outlook
:Growth Resuming,Dangers Remain,April 2012.
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1703431217
[51]Will Dobbie and Jae Song,“Debt Relief and Debtor Outcomes
:Measuring the Effects of Consumer Bankruptcy Protection” （working paper,Harvard University,May2013）.
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1703431219
第11章
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1703431221
[1]Irving Fisher,“The DebtDeflation Theory of Great Depressions,” Econometrica 1 no.4 （1933）
:341.
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1703431223
[2]Ben Bernanke,“On Milton Friedman’s Ninetieth Birthday” （speech,Conference to Honor Milton Friedman,University of Chicago,November 8,2002）.
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1703431225
[3]从技术上讲，美联储也从非银行公众手中购买了债券。但是如果非银行公众将收入存入银行系统，银行系统以准备金形式持有的资金就会增加，其影响是相似的。
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[4]Paul Douglas,Irving Fisher,Frank Graham,Earl Hamilton,Willford King,and Charles Whittlesey,“A Program for Monetary Reform” （paper,reprinted by the Kettle Pond Instit ute,July 1939）.
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[5]Richard Koo在研究20世纪90年代的日本时，得出了相似的结论。参见 Richard Koo,The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics
:Lessons from Japan’s Great Recession（Singapore
:John Wiley & Sons \[Asia\],2009）。
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1703431231
[6]See Peter Temin,Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression? （New York
:Norton,1976）; and Paul Krugman,“It’s Baaack
:Japan’s Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 （1998）
:137-205.
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1703431233
[7]Richard Koo,“The World in Balance Sheet Recession
:What Post2008 West Can Learn from Japan 1990-2005” （presentation,“Paradigm Lost
:Rethinking Economics and Politics” conference,Berlin,April 15,2012）,http://ineteconomics.org/conference/berlin/worldbalancesheetrecessionwhatpost2008westcanlearnjapan19902005.
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[8]有关使用直升机撒钱被引用最多的文献来自Milton Friedman：“The Optimum Quantity of Money,” in The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays （Chicago
:Aldine,1969）,1-50。
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[9]Ben Bernanke,“Japanese Monetary Policy:A Case of SelfInduced Paralysis”（paper,Princeton University,1999）.
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1703431239
[10]Martin Wolf,“The Case for Helicopter Money,” Financial Times,February 12,2013.
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