1703683180
[2]IMF,“Reserve Accumulation and International Monetary Stability”,13 April 2010,p.8.
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[3]Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes:The World’s Money And The Threat to American Leadership.New York:Random House,1992,p.62.
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[4]Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege:The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System.New York:Oxford University Press,2011,p.125.
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1703683186
[5]Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes:The World’s Money And The Threat to American Leadership.New York:Random House,1992,p.36.
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[6]IMF,“Reserve Accumulation and International Monetary Stability”,p.5.
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1703683190
[7]IISS, The Military Balance 2013.Abingdon:Routledge for the IISS,2013,p.252.
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[8]在债主的催促下,英、德两国曾于1902年12月至1903年2月联手对委内瑞拉实施军事封锁。此外,在1923年,英国也曾为了保护在广州的债权人而出动舰队。
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[9]“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”,presentation by Deutsche Bank global strategist Peter Garber at the University of California San Diego,8 June 2012,available to watch at vimeo.com/44338726.
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1703683196
[10]This categorisation is largely based on Benjamin J.Cohen,“The Macrofoundations of Monetary Power”,in David M.Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2006,pp.31-50.
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[11]David M.Andrews,“Monetary Power and Monetary Statecraft”,in David M.Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power, p.7;Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege:The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System.New York:Oxford University Press,2011,pp.154-159.
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[12]Francis Gavin,“Ideas, Power, and the Politics of U.S.International Monetary Policy during the 1960s”,in Jonathan Kirshner(ed.),Monetary Orders:Ambiguous Economics, Ubiquitous Politics.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2003,p.196.
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[13]See the Bundesbank’s archives, available at http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Standardartikel/Topics/2013_01 18_blessing_letter.html.
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1703683204
[14]Francis Gavin,“Ideas, Power, and the Politics of U.S.International Monetary Policy during the 1960s”,in Jonathan Kirshner(ed.),Monetary Orders:Ambiguous Economics, Ubiquitous Politics.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2003,p.217.
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[15]Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes:The World’s Money and the Threat to American Leadership.New York:Random House,1992,p.61.
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1703683208
[16]Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods.Washington, DC:International Monetary Fund,1996,p.210,cited in Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power.
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[17]Ibid.,p.148.
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[18]Ibid.,p.148.
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[19]Ibid.,p.271.
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[20]2013年第二季度,全球外汇储备总规模是11.4万亿美元,但其中占比45%的国家并未向IMF披露其外汇储备结构。
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[21]Arthur Kroeber,“China’s Global Currency:Lever for Financial Reform”,Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, Monograph Series, no.3,February 2013,p.56.
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1703683220
[22]United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees,“International Monetary Fund Observations on the IMF’s Financial Operations”,Washington DC, September 1999,p.34;C.Fred Bergsten,“The International Monetary Fund and the National Interests of the United States”,testimony before the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress, Washington DC,24 February 1998,http://www.iie.com/publications/testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=307.
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[23]Jacques Rueff, Le péché monétaire de l’occident.Paris:Plon,1971.
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[24]Paul Taylor,“U.S.‘soft power’takes a hit over government shutdown”,Reuters,17 October 2013;“Dollar’s reserve role at risk from U.S.budget uncertainty-ECB’s Nowotny”,Reuters,12 October 2013.
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[25]Peter Garber,“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”.
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[26]Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege, p.134.
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