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[24]Paul Taylor,“U.S.‘soft power’takes a hit over government shutdown”,Reuters,17 October 2013;“Dollar’s reserve role at risk from U.S.budget uncertainty-ECB’s Nowotny”,Reuters,12 October 2013.
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[25]Peter Garber,“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”.
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[26]Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege, p.134.
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[27]US Energy Information Administration, Saudi Arabia full report 26 February 2013,http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=SA.
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[28]Benjamin J.Cohen,“The Benefits and Costs of an International Currency:Getting the Calculus Right”,Open Economies Review, vol.23,no.1,February 2012,P.16.
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[29]Kenneth Rogoff,“World is right to worry about US debt”,Financial Times,24 January 2013.
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[30]Adam Posen,“Why the Euro will Not Rival the Dollar”,International Finance, vol.11,no.1,Spring 2008,p.96.
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[31]伯南克的观点也获得了其他人的认同。时任英格兰银行行长默文·金就表示,随着资金纷纷流向西方,西方金融机构也开始“超常规”追求高风险高回报。
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[32]Benjamin J.Cohen,“The Yuan Tomorrow?Evaluating China’s Currency Internationalization Strategy”,15 July 2011,p.5,http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/cohen/inpress/pdfs/NPE.pdf.
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[33]Jonathan Kirshner,“Explaining Choices about Money”,in Kirshner(ed.),Monetary Orders, p.262.
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1703683244
[34]Jeffrey A.Frankel,“Is The Dollar Losing its Role as a Reserve Currency and If So, What Does This Mean?”,July 1995,p.7,http://www.hks.harvard.ed u/f s/jfrankel/DollarsDemise.pdf.
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[35]John Taylor, Global Financial Warriors:The Untold Story of International Finance in the Post 9/11 World.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2007,pp.220-221.
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[36]Peter Garber,“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”.
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[37]Linda Goldberg,“The International Role of the Dollar:Does It Matter if This Changes?”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report no.522,October 2011,p.7,http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr522.pdf.
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[38]按麦肯锡全球研究所整理的数据,各类估测在30~200个基点之间。
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[39]Francis E.Warnock and Veronica Cacdac Warnock,“International Capital Flows and U.S.Interest Rates”,Journal of International Money and Finance, vol.28,no.6,October 2009,pp.903-919,quoted in Cohen,2009,pp.903-919,quoted in Cohen,“The Benefits and Costs of an International Currency”,p.5.
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[40]Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas and Hélène Rey,“From World Banker to World Venture Capitalist:U.S.External Adjustment and the Exorbitant Privilege”,in Richard H.Clarida(ed.),G7 Current Account Imbalances:Sustainability and Adjustment.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press,2007,pp.11-55;Maurizio Michael Habib,“Excess Returns on Net Foreign Assets:The Exorbitant Privilege From a Global Perspective”,European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, no.1158,February 2010,http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1158.pdf.
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[41]Jan Strupczewski,“What taxpayer bailouts?Euro crisis saves Germany money”,Reuters,2 May 2013.
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[42]Christian Thimann,“Global Roles of Currencies”,European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, no.1031,March 2009,p.20,http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1031.pdf.36 Dobbs et al.,“An exorbitant privilege?”,pp.8-9.
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[43]Federal Reserve Statistical Release,“Financial Accounts of the United States:Flow of Funds, Balance Sheets, and Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts”,Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington DC,25 September 2013,http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z 1/Current/z1r-1.pdf.Federal Reserve Statistical Release,“Financial Accounts of the United States:Flow of Funds, Balance Sheets, and Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts”,Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington DC,25 September 2013,http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z 1/Current/z1r-1.pdf.
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[44]Sebastian Mallaby and Olin Wethington,“The Future of the Yuan:China’s Struggle to Intenationalize Its Currency”,Foreign Affairs, vol.91,no.1,January/February 2012.
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[45]Edwin M.Truman,“John Williamson and the Evolution of the International Monetary System”,Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper Series 12-13,Washington DC, August 2012,pp.16-19;Ignazio Angeloni et al.,“Global currencies for tomorrow:a European perspective”,Bruegel,23 July 2011,p.35,http://www.bruegel.org/publications/publication-detail/publication/592-global-currencies-for-tomorrow-a-european-perspective.
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[46]Linda S.Goldberg, Craig Kennedy and Jason Miu,“Central Bank Dollar Swap Lines and Overseas Dollar Funding Costs”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report no.429,January 2010,http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr42g.pdf.
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[47]Joshua Aizenman, Yothin Jinjarak and Donghyun Park,“International reserves and swap lines:substitutes or complements?”,Vox,3 April 2010,http://www.voxeu.org/article/international-reserves-and-swap-lines-substitutes-or-complements.
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[48]Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Hélène Rey and Nicolas Govillot,“Exorbitant Privilege and Exorbitant Duty”,Bank of Japan Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Discussion Paper Series E-20,August 2010,p.1,http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/english/10-E-20.pdf.
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