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[120]2011年12月31日通过的《2012年国防授权法案》首次将金融制裁正式化。随后的《伊朗威胁消除法》和《叙利亚人权法案》又强化了这种授权。随后2013年1月，《2013年国防授权法案》的D部分，即《伊朗自由和防扩散法案》，又将之扩大到更广泛的经济活动。欧盟也在2012年2月、3月和10月宣布对伊朗实施金融制裁。
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[121]德国和日本都无意让其货币发挥储备货币的作用，其担忧主要是由于货币供应增多所引发的通货膨胀风险。
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[122]Craig Karmin, Biography of the Dollar：How the Mighty Buck Conquered the World and Why It’s Under Siege.New York：Crown Publishing Group，2008，p.100.
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[123]Financial Network Analytics, Tutorial 9，“Analyzing Cross-Border Banking Exposures”，2010，Quarter 2，http：//www.fna.fi/demos/files/tutorial9_full.html?transitionTime=500.The darkness and width of links indicate the degree of bilateral exposure, while the size of the node reflects a country’s total exposure.
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[124]在2012年3月至2013年6月的数轮制裁豁免中，若干欧盟国家（比利时、捷克、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、荷兰、波兰、西班牙和英国）、日本、印度、韩国、土耳其、南非、马来西亚、斯里兰卡、中国和新加坡都获得了豁免。
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[125]These were passed through European Council Regulation no.267/2012 in February 2012 and augmented in March 2012 by European Council Decision 2012/152/CFSP.
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[126]Kenneth Katzman，“Iran Sanctions”，Congressional Research Service Report RS20871，26 July 2013，p.20.
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[127]Ibid.，pp.8-9.
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[128]Spyros Economides and Peter Wilson, The Economic Factor in International Relations：A Brief Introduction.London：I.B.Tauris＆Co.，2001，p.153.
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[129]See Figure 1.1 from Marc Auboin，“Use of Currencies in International Trade：Any Changes in the Picture?”，WTO Staff Working Paper, Economics Research and Statistics Division，1 May 2012，available at http：//ssrn.com/abstract=2077974.
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[130]Rui Cui and Weiyi Wang，“Regional Currency Cooperation in East Asia：Recent Developments and Prospects”，2012 International Conference on Innovation and Information Management.
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[131]WTO and IDE-JETRO，“Trade patterns and global value chains in East Asia：From trade in goods to trade in tasks”，2011，http：//www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/stat tradepat_globvalchains_e.pdf；“The Shifting Geography of Global Value Chains：Implications for Developing Countries and Trade Policy”，Global Agenda Council on the Global Trade System, World Economic Forum, June 2012.
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[132]Andrew Batson，“Not Really‘Made In China’”，Wall Street Journal，15 December 2010.
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[133]World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China，“China 2030：Building a Modern, Harmonious and Creative Society”，27 February 2012.
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1703683444
[134]“Euro, Dollar, Yuan Uncertainties：Scenarios on the Future of the International Monetary System”，World Economic Forum, June 2012，http：//www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FS EuroDollarYuanUncertainties_Report_2012.pdf；Eswar Prasad and Lei Ye，“Will the Renminbi Rule?”，Finance and Development, vol.49，no.1，March 2012；Peter B.Kenen，“Currency intenrationalisation：an overview”，BIS Papers, no.61，January 2012，http：//www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap61d.pdf.
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[135]Samar Maziad et al.，“Internationalization of Emerging Market Currencies A Balance between Risks and Rewards”，IMF Staff Discussion Note，19 October 2011，SDN/11j17，p.21.
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[136]Gregory Chin and Wang Yong，“Debating the International Currency System：What’s in a Speech?”，China Security, vol.6，no.1，2010，p.144.
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1703683450
[137]Yin Jianfeng，“RMB Internationalization：Trade Settlement plus Offshore Market or Capital Account Opening up plus Multinationals?Lessons from Japan’s Yen Internationali-zation”，International, Economic Review，2011-04，http：//en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GJPP201104007.htm；Yu Yongding，“The Temptation of China’s Capital Account”，Project Syndicate，27 March 2013，http：//www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-risks-of-easing-china-s-capital-controls-by-yu-yongding.
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[138]Ben Blanchard，“China strengthens Africa ties with$20 billion in loans”，Reuters，19 July 2012.
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1703683454
[139]Yuriko Koike，“The great global bargain hunt”，Live Mint，1 July 2012.
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1703683456
[140]Andrew Trotman，“Iceland first European country to sign free trade agreement with China”，The Telegraph，15 April 2013.
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1703683458
[141]US Geological Survey Newsroom，“90 Billion Barrels of Oil and l，670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic”，23 July 2008，http：//www.usgs.gov newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980#.UnDx43DIbFA.
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[142]Shiloh Rainwater，“Race to the North：China’s Arctic Strategy and Its Implications”，US Naval War College Review, vol.66，no.2，Spring 2013，pp.62-82.
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[143]Tom Mitchell and Richard Milne，“First Chinese Cargo Ship Nears End of Northeast Passage Transit”，Financial Times，6 September 2013.
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[144]Raymond Colitt，“BRICS to Announce IMF Contribution at G20 Meeting, Brazil Says”，Bloomberg，18 June 2012.
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