打字猴:1.703683415e+09
1703683415
1703683416 [120]2011年12月31日通过的《2012年国防授权法案》首次将金融制裁正式化。随后的《伊朗威胁消除法》和《叙利亚人权法案》又强化了这种授权。随后2013年1月,《2013年国防授权法案》的D部分,即《伊朗自由和防扩散法案》,又将之扩大到更广泛的经济活动。欧盟也在2012年2月、3月和10月宣布对伊朗实施金融制裁。
1703683417
1703683418 [121]德国和日本都无意让其货币发挥储备货币的作用,其担忧主要是由于货币供应增多所引发的通货膨胀风险。
1703683419
1703683420 [122]Craig Karmin, Biography of the Dollar:How the Mighty Buck Conquered the World and Why It’s Under Siege.New York:Crown Publishing Group,2008,p.100.
1703683421
1703683422 [123]Financial Network Analytics, Tutorial 9,“Analyzing Cross-Border Banking Exposures”,2010,Quarter 2,http://www.fna.fi/demos/files/tutorial9_full.html?transitionTime=500.The darkness and width of links indicate the degree of bilateral exposure, while the size of the node reflects a country’s total exposure.
1703683423
1703683424 [124]在2012年3月至2013年6月的数轮制裁豁免中,若干欧盟国家(比利时、捷克、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、荷兰、波兰、西班牙和英国)、日本、印度、韩国、土耳其、南非、马来西亚、斯里兰卡、中国和新加坡都获得了豁免。
1703683425
1703683426 [125]These were passed through European Council Regulation no.267/2012 in February 2012 and augmented in March 2012 by European Council Decision 2012/152/CFSP.
1703683427
1703683428 [126]Kenneth Katzman,“Iran Sanctions”,Congressional Research Service Report RS20871,26 July 2013,p.20.
1703683429
1703683430 [127]Ibid.,pp.8-9.
1703683431
1703683432 [128]Spyros Economides and Peter Wilson, The Economic Factor in International Relations:A Brief Introduction.London:I.B.Tauris&Co.,2001,p.153.
1703683433
1703683434 [129]See Figure 1.1 from Marc Auboin,“Use of Currencies in International Trade:Any Changes in the Picture?”,WTO Staff Working Paper, Economics Research and Statistics Division,1 May 2012,available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2077974.
1703683435
1703683436 [130]Rui Cui and Weiyi Wang,“Regional Currency Cooperation in East Asia:Recent Developments and Prospects”,2012 International Conference on Innovation and Information Management.
1703683437
1703683438 [131]WTO and IDE-JETRO,“Trade patterns and global value chains in East Asia:From trade in goods to trade in tasks”,2011,http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/stat tradepat_globvalchains_e.pdf;“The Shifting Geography of Global Value Chains:Implications for Developing Countries and Trade Policy”,Global Agenda Council on the Global Trade System, World Economic Forum, June 2012.
1703683439
1703683440 [132]Andrew Batson,“Not Really‘Made In China’”,Wall Street Journal,15 December 2010.
1703683441
1703683442 [133]World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China,“China 2030:Building a Modern, Harmonious and Creative Society”,27 February 2012.
1703683443
1703683444 [134]“Euro, Dollar, Yuan Uncertainties:Scenarios on the Future of the International Monetary System”,World Economic Forum, June 2012,http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FS EuroDollarYuanUncertainties_Report_2012.pdf;Eswar Prasad and Lei Ye,“Will the Renminbi Rule?”,Finance and Development, vol.49,no.1,March 2012;Peter B.Kenen,“Currency intenrationalisation:an overview”,BIS Papers, no.61,January 2012,http://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap61d.pdf.
1703683445
1703683446 [135]Samar Maziad et al.,“Internationalization of Emerging Market Currencies A Balance between Risks and Rewards”,IMF Staff Discussion Note,19 October 2011,SDN/11j17,p.21.
1703683447
1703683448 [136]Gregory Chin and Wang Yong,“Debating the International Currency System:What’s in a Speech?”,China Security, vol.6,no.1,2010,p.144.
1703683449
1703683450 [137]Yin Jianfeng,“RMB Internationalization:Trade Settlement plus Offshore Market or Capital Account Opening up plus Multinationals?Lessons from Japan’s Yen Internationali-zation”,International, Economic Review,2011-04,http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GJPP201104007.htm;Yu Yongding,“The Temptation of China’s Capital Account”,Project Syndicate,27 March 2013,http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-risks-of-easing-china-s-capital-controls-by-yu-yongding.
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1703683452 [138]Ben Blanchard,“China strengthens Africa ties with$20 billion in loans”,Reuters,19 July 2012.
1703683453
1703683454 [139]Yuriko Koike,“The great global bargain hunt”,Live Mint,1 July 2012.
1703683455
1703683456 [140]Andrew Trotman,“Iceland first European country to sign free trade agreement with China”,The Telegraph,15 April 2013.
1703683457
1703683458 [141]US Geological Survey Newsroom,“90 Billion Barrels of Oil and l,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic”,23 July 2008,http://www.usgs.gov newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980#.UnDx43DIbFA.
1703683459
1703683460 [142]Shiloh Rainwater,“Race to the North:China’s Arctic Strategy and Its Implications”,US Naval War College Review, vol.66,no.2,Spring 2013,pp.62-82.
1703683461
1703683462 [143]Tom Mitchell and Richard Milne,“First Chinese Cargo Ship Nears End of Northeast Passage Transit”,Financial Times,6 September 2013.
1703683463
1703683464 [144]Raymond Colitt,“BRICS to Announce IMF Contribution at G20 Meeting, Brazil Says”,Bloomberg,18 June 2012.
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