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全球化和金融化，在过去一代中重新界定了就业机会和权力平衡，也是我们时代的主要的不稳定因素。与过去相比，如今的商业公司本身看起来就与以往大不相同。20世纪末股东激进主义运动的显著胜利，加上强大的新技术，几乎使所有的公司职能都可以实现前所未有的雾化和外包，使现如今的大型企业集中化程度和等级划分程度很低，并且呈持久性下降。我们的社会如何向公民提供货物和服务——如何应对复杂的大规模分配，如何管理大批量生产的报酬——将展现在一个不同于任何我们所知道的商业环境中。当前的道路是不稳定的、不平等的，且令人不安的。与此同时，它也带来了承诺：提高更多人生活质量的新进展，创造和分配更多资源的新工具以及根植于共同繁荣的新的价值体系。
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未来商业的前景如何？历史学家们不愿做出大胆的预测，因为历史告诉我们，未来总是在不断变化之中。尽管如此，我们历史学家认为这个真理是不言而喻的：我们研究过去，以便我们能够理解现在，幸运的话，也许还有助于创造一个更美好的未来。正如本书试图表明的那样，商业史可以告诉我们今天的处境。可以肯定的是，未来的挑战和进步将不可避免地建立在过去几个世纪的商业史的基础之上。
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美国商业简史 注释
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引言
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1Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (Princeton, 2009); Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: 2014).
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美国商业简史 第一章
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1Kevin O’Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson, “After Columbus: Explaining Europe’s Overseas Trade Boom, 1500–1800,” Journal of Economic History 62 (2),June 2002, 417–56.
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2David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge, UK: 2000).
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3Alison Games, “Migration,” in The British Atlantic World, David Armitage and Michael Braddick, eds. (New York, 2002); Anthony McFarlane, The British in the Americas 1480–1815 (London, 1992).
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4See, for example, C. A. Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914, Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford, UK: 2004).
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5On the origins and development of world trade, see Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy, 1400 to the Present (3rd ed.) (New York, 2013).
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6Carl Degler, Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America (New York, 1970).
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7J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America,1492–1830 (New Haven, CT: 2006).
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8Elvira Vilches, New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain (Chicago, 2010).
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9Eric Jay Dolan, Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (New York, 2010).
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10Nicholas P. Canny, “The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,” The William and Mary Quarterly 30(4), October 1973, 575–98.
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11Nuala Zahedieh, “Economy,” in The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800, David Armitage and Michael Braddick, eds. (New York, 2002). See also Kenneth R.Andrews, Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 (Cambridge, UK: 1984).
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12McFarlane, The British in the Americas.
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13Matthew Dowd Mitchell, “The Royal African Company of England, 1672–1752: Joint-stock capitalism in the early modern Atlantic” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2012).
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14“The First Charter of Virginia, April 10, 1606,” available at avalon.law.yale.edu /17th_century /va01.asp.
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15Ronald Heinemann et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007 (Charlottesville, VA: 2007).
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