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美国商业简史 第七章
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1For these statistics, see Thomas McCraw and Richard Tedlow, “Henry Ford,Alfred Sloan, and the Three Phases of Marketing,” in Thomas McCraw, ed.,Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions(Cambridge, MA: 1997), 266–302;and Harold Livesay,American Made: Men Who Shaped the American Economy(Boston, 1979).
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2Samuel Strauss, “Things Are in the Saddle,” The Atlantic Monthly (November 1924).
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3Frederick W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Managemen (1911). On the rise and spread of scientific management, see Chandler,The Visible Hand.
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4Daniel Nelson, Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Managemen (Madison, WI: 1980).
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5David Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932(Baltimore, 1984).
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6Quoted in McCraw and Tedlow, “Henry Ford, Alfred Sloan, and the Three Phases of Marketing.”
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7Henry Ford, My Life and Work (New York, 1922).
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8Stephen Mihm, Mastering Modernity: Weights, Measures, and the Standardization of American Life (Cambridge, MA: forthcoming).
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9Albert Rees and Donald Jacobs, Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890–1914( Princeton, NJ: 1961).
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10Harold Livesay, American Made: Shapers of the American Economy (Boston, 1979).
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11Leo Ribuffo, “Henry Ford and ‘The International Jew,’” American JewishHistory 69(4): 437–77; Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York, 2001).
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12Stefan J. Link, “Transnational Fordism: Ford Motor Company, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union in the Interwar Years” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2012).
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13Historians have long relied on research conducted by business historians in the 1960s and 1970s for our understanding of the expansion of retail. See, for example, Chandler, The Visible Hand, and Glenn Porter and Harold Livesay,Merchants and Manufacturers: Studies in the Changing Structure of Nineteenth Century Marketing(Baltimore, 1971).
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14Marc Levinson, The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America(New York, 2011).
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15Jonathan Bean, Beyond the Broker State: Federal Policies toward Small Business,1936–1961 (Chapel Hill, NC: 1996); Mansel Blackford, A History of SmallBusiness in America, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill, NC: 2003).
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16“Does the Chain Store System Threaten the Nation’s Welfare,” CongressionalDigest, August–September 1930.
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17Daniel Pope, The Making of Modern Advertising (New York, 1983).
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18Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream (Berkeley, CA: 1985).
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19Harris Corporation, “Founding Dates of the 1994 Fortune 500 U.S. Companies,” Business History Review, 70 (Spring 1996), pp. 69–90, cited in McCraw,“American Capitalism.”
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20J. George Frederick, “The Great Automobile Duel of 1927: Mr. Ford and General Motors Choose Their Weapons,” The Independent, Vol. 118, No.4012, April 23, 1927.
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21Alfred Chandler, Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry (New York, 1964); Robert Sobel, Car Wars: The Untold Story (New York: 1984).
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22McCraw and Tedlow, “Henry Ford, Alfred Sloan, and the Three Phases of Marketing.”
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23The classic study of decentralized management and the histories of DuPont and General Motors remains Alfred Chandler’s Strategy and Structure: Chapters inthe History of Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: 1962). On mass marketing, see Richard S. Tedlow, New and Improved: The Story of Mass Marketing in America (New York, 1990).
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